Trace Metal Bottle

Trace metal (TM) clean rosette bottles were used to collect water samples.

1992-03-19

Purpose: Spring Time Series; Equator, 140°W TT008 was one of five cruises conducted in 1992 in support of the U.S. Equatorial Pacific (EqPac) Process Study. The five EqPac cruises aboard R/V Thomas G. Thompson included two repeat meridional sections (12°N - 12°S), 2 equatorial surveys, and a benthic survey (all at 140° W). The scientific objectives of this study were to observe the processes in the Equatorial Pacific controlling the fluxes of carbon and related elements between the atmosphere, euphotic zone, and deep ocean. As luck would have it, the survey window coincided with an El Nino event. A bonus for the research team.

Methods & Sampling
PI: Hugh Ducklow of: Virginia Institute of Marine Science dataset: Bacteria production & abundance dates: March 23, 1992 to April 09, 1992 location: N: 0.0987 S: -0.0523 W: -140.0633 E: -139.8528 project/cruise: EQPAC/TT008 - Spring Time Series ship: Thomas Thompson Measurement of Bacterial Biomass and Production (EqPac) Hugh W. Ducklow and David L. Kirchman Thymidine and Leucine Incorporation Samples from the upper 200 m were collected during hydrocases with a trace-metal-free rosette (Moss Landing) and processed immediately following collection. Short-term incorporation assays followed procedures described in Ducklow et al. (1992a). Duplicate 30 ml samples were amended with methyl-H-thymidine (New England Nuclear, sp. act. >75 Ci mmol; 10 nM final concl.) and incubated at or near in situ water temperatures in screwtop polycarbonate centrifuge tubes in chilled water bath incubators. Following incubation periods of ca. 1--3 h, the incubation was terminated with the addition of 0.5 % formalin. To measure nonspecific incorporation, these samples were filtered onto Sartorius cellulose nitrate membranes (0.22 µm pore size, extracted by rinsing the filters over a vacuum three times with ice-cold 5 % trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and three times with 80 % ethanol, as suggested in Wicks and Robarts (1988). To measure incorporation into DNA only, separate parallel samples were extracted in 0.25 n NaOH (final conc.) and chilled on ice. These samples were stored on ice for up to 48 hours, then neutralized with ice-cold 100 % TCA (final conc. 20 %), and filtered onto 22 mm dia. 0.2 µm cellulose nitrate membrane filters. Finally the samples wre extracted on the filter holders by rinsing three times each with 50 % chloroform-phenol (a 1:1 c/c mixture of liquified phenol and chloroform) and with 80 % ethanol to purify the labelled DNA (Wicks and Robarts, 1987). Zero-time controls were subtracted to correct for adsorption and other abiotic effects. The cellulose nitrate filters were packed tightly into 7 ml glass scintillation vials and dissolved in 1.0 ml of ethyl acetate, prior to addition of Ultima Gold biodegradeable scintillation cocktail (Packard). Samples were counted aboard ship on the T.G. Thompson scintillation counter. H-leucine incorporation was estimated in parallel incubations of samples inoculated with 0.5 nM H-leuchine (New England Nuclear, sp. act. 153 Ci mmol ) and 10 nM unlabeled leucine (Kirchman et al., 1985), for a final leucine concentration (hot plus cold) of 10.5 nM 30 ml leucine samples were filtered onto replicate 22 mm dia. 0.22 µm cellulose nitrate filters and extracted with ice cold 5 % TCA and ethanol as described above. Bacterial Abundance and Biomass Samples for estimation of bacterial abundance and biovolume (20--100 ml, depending on depth) were preserved with particle-free 1.0 % glutaraldehyde then filtered within 24 h onto black Poretics polycarbonate filters (0.2 µm pore size), stained with acridine orange (Hobbie et al., 1977) and mounted in Cargille Type A immersion oil on slides and stored frozen until examination. Samples for microscopy were not replicated. All samples were enumerated using a Zeiss Axiophot microscope (final magnification 1613 x). Biovolume was estimated using the 386-based Zeiss VIDAS VIDEOPLAN Image Analysis system which acquired images from a Dage-MTI Nuvicon video camera connected to the Axiophot microscope through a Dage gen-II image intensifier. In our configuration this imaging system projects 0.2 µm spheres onto an area of approximately 17 pixels. We measure length and width (D and D), perimeter and area of approximately 300 cells in each sample. The measurements are calibrated by measuring fluorescent spheres of various sizes (Polysciences Corp.). Biovolumes (V) are calculated using an algorithm (Baldwin and Bankston, 1988) which derives linear dimensions from the image analyzer's estimates of cellular perimeter, (C) and area, (A): V = 4/3( r ) + 2h, where (1) _______ (C ± C -4A ) r (cell radius) = ______________ and (2) 2 A - r h (height) = ________ (3) 2r To estimate bacterial production rates from the incorporation results, conversion factors and derived empirically, loosely following the experimental design first proposed by Kirchman et al. (1982), and described more fully in Ducklow et al. (1992b). Cell volume data can be converted to biomass using various factors centering around 20 fg C 0.1 µm. NB: These protocols closely follow methods used in JGOFS NABE by the same PI's and are quite similar to protocols in use in BATS. Literature Cited   Baldwin, W.W. and P.W. Bankston (1988). Measurement of live bacteria by Nomarski interference microscopy and stereologic methods as tested with macroscopic rod-shaped models. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54: 105--109. Ducklow, H.W., D.L. Kirchman, H.L. Quinby, C.A. Carlson and H.G. Dam (1992a). Response of bacterioplankton to the spring phytoplankton bloom in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research, (in press). Ducklow, H.W., D.L. Kirchman and H.L. Quinby (1992b). Bacterioplankton cell growth and macromolecular synthesis in seawater cultures during the North Atlantic spring phytoplankton bloom, May 1989. Microbial Ecology, (in press). Hobbie, J.E., R.J. Daley and S. Jasper (1977). Use of Nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 33: 1225--1228. Kirchman, D.L., H.W. Ducklow and R. Mitchell (1982). Estimates of bacterial growth from changes in uptake rates and biomass. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 44: 1296--1307. Kirchman, D.L., E. K'nees and R. Hodson (1985). Leucine incorporation and its potential as a measure of protein synthesis by bacteria in natural waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49: 599--607. Wicks, R.J. and R.D. Robarts (1987). The extraction and purification of DNA labelled with [methyl-H] thymidine in aquatic bacterial production studies. Journal of Plankton Resesearch, 9: 1167--1181. Wicks, R.J. and R.D. Robarts (1988). Ethanol extraction requirement for purification of protein labeled with [H] leucine in aquatic bacterial production studies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, {f 54(12):} 3191--3193.

1992-09-24

Purpose: Fall Time Series; Equator, 140°W TT012 was one of five cruises conducted in 1992 in support of the U.S. Equatorial Pacific (EqPac) Process Study. The five EqPac cruises aboard R/V Thomas G. Thompson included two repeat meridional sections (12°N - 12°S), 2 equatorial surveys, and a benthic survey (all at 140° W). The scientific objectives of this study were to observe the processes in the Equatorial Pacific controlling the fluxes of carbon and related elements between the atmosphere, euphotic zone, and deep ocean. As luck would have it, the survey window coincided with an El Nino event. A bonus for the research team.

Methods & Sampling
PI: Hugh Ducklow of: Virginia Institute of Marine Science dataset: Bacteria production & abundance dates: October 02, 1992 to October 21, 1992 location: N: 0.0713 S: -0.0557 W: -140.2077 E: -139.9037 project/cruise: EQPAC/TT012 - Fall Time Series ship: Thomas Thompson Note: samples for cast 83 and 90 were drawn from U. Washington standard CTD rosette cast. Measurement of Bacterial Biomass and Production (EqPac) Hugh W. Ducklow and David L. Kirchman Thymidine and Leucine Incorporation Samples from the upper 200 m were collected during hydrocases with a trace-metal-free rosette (Moss Landing) and processed immediately following collection. Short-term incorporation assays followed procedures described in Ducklow et al. (1992a). Duplicate 30 ml samples were amended with methyl-H-thymidine (New England Nuclear, sp. act. >75 Ci mmol; 10 nM final concl.) and incubated at or near in situ water temperatures in screwtop polycarbonate centrifuge tubes in chilled water bath incubators. Following incubation periods of ca. 1--3 h, the incubation was terminated with the addition of 0.5 % formalin. To measure nonspecific incorporation, these samples were filtered onto Sartorius cellulose nitrate membranes (0.22 µm pore size, extracted by rinsing the filters over a vacuum three times with ice-cold 5 % trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and three times with 80 % ethanol, as suggested in Wicks and Robarts (1988). To measure incorporation into DNA only, separate parallel samples were extracted in 0.25 n NaOH (final conc.) and chilled on ice. These samples were stored on ice for up to 48 hours, then neutralized with ice-cold 100 % TCA (final conc. 20 %), and filtered onto 22 mm dia. 0.2 µm cellulose nitrate membrane filters. Finally the samples wre extracted on the filter holders by rinsing three times each with 50 % chloroform-phenol (a 1:1 c/c mixture of liquified phenol and chloroform) and with 80 % ethanol to purify the labelled DNA (Wicks and Robarts, 1987). Zero-time controls were subtracted to correct for adsorption and other abiotic effects. The cellulose nitrate filters were packed tightly into 7 ml glass scintillation vials and dissolved in 1.0 ml of ethyl acetate, prior to addition of Ultima Gold biodegradeable scintillation cocktail (Packard). Samples were counted aboard ship on the T.G. Thompson scintillation counter. H-leucine incorporation was estimated in parallel incubations of samples inoculated with 0.5 nM H-leuchine (New England Nuclear, sp. act. 153 Ci mmol ) and 10 nM unlabeled leucine (Kirchman et al., 1985), for a final leucine concentration (hot plus cold) of 10.5 nM 30 ml leucine samples were filtered onto replicate 22 mm dia. 0.22 µm cellulose nitrate filters and extracted with ice cold 5 % TCA and ethanol as described above. Bacterial Abundance and Biomass Samples for estimation of bacterial abundance and biovolume (20--100 ml, depending on depth) were preserved with particle-free 1.0 % glutaraldehyde then filtered within 24 h onto black Poretics polycarbonate filters (0.2 µm pore size), stained with acridine orange (Hobbie et al., 1977) and mounted in Cargille Type A immersion oil on slides and stored frozen until examination. Samples for microscopy were not replicated. All samples were enumerated using a Zeiss Axiophot microscope (final magnification 1613 x). Biovolume was estimated using the 386-based Zeiss VIDAS VIDEOPLAN Image Analysis system which acquired images from a Dage-MTI Nuvicon video camera connected to the Axiophot microscope through a Dage gen-II image intensifier. In our configuration this imaging system projects 0.2 µm spheres onto an area of approximately 17 pixels. We measure length and width (D and D), perimeter and area of approximately 300 cells in each sample. The measurements are calibrated by measuring fluorescent spheres of various sizes (Polysciences Corp.). Biovolumes (V) are calculated using an algorithm (Baldwin and Bankston, 1988) which derives linear dimensions from the image analyzer's estimates of cellular perimeter, (C) and area, (A): V = 4/3( r ) + 2h, where (1) _______ (C ± C -4A ) r (cell radius) = ______________ and (2) 2 A - r h (height) = ________ (3) 2r To estimate bacterial production rates from the incorporation results, conversion factors and derived empirically, loosely following the experimental design first proposed by Kirchman et al. (1982), and described more fully in Ducklow et al. (1992b). Cell volume data can be converted to biomass using various factors centering around 20 fg C 0.1 µm. NB: These protocols closely follow methods used in JGOFS NABE by the same PI's and are quite similar to protocols in use in BATS. Literature Cited   Baldwin, W.W. and P.W. Bankston (1988). Measurement of live bacteria by Nomarski interference microscopy and stereologic methods as tested with macroscopic rod-shaped models. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54: 105--109. Ducklow, H.W., D.L. Kirchman, H.L. Quinby, C.A. Carlson and H.G. Dam (1992a). Response of bacterioplankton to the spring phytoplankton bloom in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research, (in press). Ducklow, H.W., D.L. Kirchman and H.L. Quinby (1992b). Bacterioplankton cell growth and macromolecular synthesis in seawater cultures during the North Atlantic spring phytoplankton bloom, May 1989. Microbial Ecology, (in press). Hobbie, J.E., R.J. Daley and S. Jasper (1977). Use of Nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 33: 1225--1228. Kirchman, D.L., H.W. Ducklow and R. Mitchell (1982). Estimates of bacterial growth from changes in uptake rates and biomass. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 44: 1296--1307. Kirchman, D.L., E. K'nees and R. Hodson (1985). Leucine incorporation and its potential as a measure of protein synthesis by bacteria in natural waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49: 599--607. Wicks, R.J. and R.D. Robarts (1987). The extraction and purification of DNA labelled with [methyl-H] thymidine in aquatic bacterial production studies. Journal of Plankton Resesearch, 9: 1167--1181. Wicks, R.J. and R.D. Robarts (1988). Ethanol extraction requirement for purification of protein labeled with [H] leucine in aquatic bacterial production studies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, {f 54(12):} 3191--3193.