Table of Contents

• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

New Production - Biology Data

Detailed methods for all data collected as part of this study can be found in one of the three
publications arising from this study (references given below). This contains information on
analytical machines and certified standards where applicable.

Sample QA/QC procedures followed those of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS).
At the point of collection, any leaking niskin bottles were noted on the master cast sheets
and samples were taken from a different niskin fired at the same depth as the leaking bottle.
No data are reported for leaking Niskin bottles. During sample analysis standard curves and/or
certified standards were carefully examined to ensure that they were consistent with expectations
and accurate. Next, data were plotted as depth profiles and compared to a quality control window
for the February/March period at BATS. The QC window consisted of the upper and lower 95% confidence
limits based upon all data collected at BATS during February/March from 1989-2005. If our data
fell well within these bounds it was considered 'acceptable'. For those data that fell near or
outside the QC window, we went back to the original data run to ensure there was no miscalculation
or other error. If nothing was found, then we examined other data from that niskin to see if other
samples are in question. If no obvious error or problem was found, the data were considered OK and
in the range of extremes that this study hoped to observe.

Sample accuracy and precision. Sample accuracy was assessed by using certified standards, for those
measurements where standards are available (dissolved oxygen, nutrients, salinity, dissolved inorganic
and organic carbon). Certified standards were run with each analytical run and compared to long term
control charts for respective analyses. Samples were not run until certified standards were shown to
be accurate for that analytical run. Sample precision was determined by analyzing replicate samples
(not replicate analyses on the same sample) and therefore is higher than analytical precision due to
the inclusion of sampling error. At the concentrations observed during this study, sample precision
was <5% for stock measurements and <10-15% for rate measurements. Some analyses, namely dissolved
oxygen and salinity, were much better and often had a sample precisions <1%. These precision estimates
are consistent with the long term QA/QC seen with the BATS program.

The provided data files are complete matrices and therefore not every sample (columns) will be taken
from every Niskin fired (rows). Data that were either not collected, or were associated with leaking
Niskins, or were found to be in error for other reasons are denoted by "-nd" in the spreadsheets.

References:
Detailed information on phytoplankton analysis.
Lomas, M.W., Roberts, N., Lipschultz, F., Krause, J.W., Nelson, D.M., and Bates, N.R. 2009.
Biogeochemical responses to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea. IV. Rapid succession of
major phytoplankton groups.
Deep Sea Research I, 56: 892-909.
doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.03.004

Detailed information on all silica cycle measurements.
Krause, J.W., Nelson, D.M., and Lomas, M.W. 2009. Biogeochemical responses to late-winter
storms in the Sargasso Sea. 2009. II. Increased rates of biogenic silica production and export.
Deep Sea Research I, 56: 861-875.
doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.01.002

Maiti, K., Benitez-Nelson, C.R., Lomas, M.W., and Krause, J. W. 2009. Biogeochemical responses
to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea. IV. Comparison of Export Production by 234Th and
Sediment Traps.
Deep Sea Research I, 56: 875-892.
doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.01.008

Detailed information on general biogeochemical measurements.
Lomas, M.W., Lipschultz, F., Nelson, D.M., and Bates, N.R. 2009. Biogeochemical responses
to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea. I. Pulses of new and primary production.
Deep Sea Research I, 56: 843-861.
doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.09.002

Most of the data given in this dataset are not derived variables and are calculated using reasonably
standard equations as given in the appropriate reference above. The one exception is CTD data.
Raw CTD data were processed using SBE-Data Processing software using configuration and calibration
files provided by the Shipboard Science technician. Sensors were calibrated shortly before each cruise,
however, most sensor data were 'calibrated' using data collected in this project. Manual determinations
of dissolved oxygen, salinity and HPLC Chlorophyll a, once passing the above QA/QC steps, were taken
as correct. CTD sensor data was regressed against the appropriate manual variable. In all cases save 1,
regression statistics were very strong and linear, and represent an offset (y-intercept) and drop in
sensitivity (slope of the regression). CTD data were corrected to manual measurements using the regression
data and it is this corrected data that is given in the associated data files. OCE399-3 had a problem
with the dissolved oxygen sensor that could not be resolved so only manual oxygen data are reported for
that cruise.

Only nutrient analyses were close to analytical method detection limits (MDL). MDLs were estimated as 3x
the standard deviation of the lowest standard used for the analysis and are 1.5nM for nitrate and nitrite
using a standard autoanalyzer with a 1m fiber optic flow cell, ~20nM for phosphate on a standard autoanalyzer,
and <100nM for Si(OH)4 by manual analysis and a 10cm cuvette. Samples below the MDL are reported as calculated
for the reason that they somewhere between the MDL and a true zero; we consider listing them as either to be
incorrect. Carbon productivity rate measurements, particularly at the base of the euphotic or below, on
occasion are negative due to subtraction of the dark incubated sample from the light incubated sample.
This was not considered below the MDL because there is a reasonable explanation for negative values.
These measurements were ~14h deployments and it is possible that at very low light there can be less 14C
in the light bottles due to grazing, than in the dark bottles that are subtracted from the light bottles.
Moreover, light and dark respiration rates are not the same and therefore this correction is not a perfect
correction for inherent respiration by the autotrophs.

BCO-DMO Edits
- Parameter names modified to conform to BCO-DMO convention
- CruiseId, date, time, lat, lon added from event log
- NOTE: OC408-2 Station 62 is CTD Out date, time, lat, lon (no posit for CTD In)
- OC408-2, Station 67 latitude corrected from 13 to 31 degs

New Production During Winter Convective Mixing Events: A Missing Component of Current Estimates

Daily biogeochemical data collected during winter convection in the Sargasso Sea.

Photosynthetic uptake of CO2 by oceanic phytoplankton and the export of the resulting organic carbon to the deep sea comprise a 'biological pump' (Volk and Hoffert, 1985), capable of extracting globally significant amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. As a consequence, it is important from the perspective of the global carbon cycle to understand both the present efficiency and the main controlling mechanisms of this important carbon pathway. In the open ocean the biological pump is driven by new production of organic matter (production supported by externally supplied nutrients) and export of that organic matter to depth. Many methods have been employed to estimate new production, with varying degrees of agreement.

In the Sargasso Sea, for example, geochemical estimates of new production largely exclude the winter mixing period (because their fundamental assumption are valid only during stratified periods). Biological methods suggest that the pre-stratification period can be as important, in terms of new production, as the remainder of the year. Those biological estimates are poorly constrained and based on sparse data. Because of the enormous spatial extent of subtropical gyres similar to the Sargasso Sea, uncertainty in the rate of new production and organic matter export in those systems leads to large uncertainty in biologically-driven carbon fluxes at the global-scale.

Short-term stochastic events are increasingly recognized as being disproportionately important for biogeochemical cycling and carbon storage in the ocean. Recent data suggest that in the Sargasso Sea, the passage of weather fronts leads to increased new production during the winter mixing period. We hypothesize that these events lead to enhanced NO3-input, followed by a rapid biological response and accumulation of biomass, and an equally rapid export of that biomass. This rapid export may be systematically missed by the 3-4 day particle trap deployments of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) because they are hypothesized to happen during or immediately after the passage of frontal systems, when the vessel used for the BATS sampling program does not leave port. Such events have, however, been captured as increases in the fluorometer traces at the Bermuda Testbed Mooring (BTM) and increases in organic carbon flux in the continuous Ocean Flux Program (OFP) sediment traps, both of which are deployed in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda

We propose a process-oriented study of new production and its control during the period before formation of the seasonal thermocline in the BATS/BTM/OFP region near Bermuda. This study will be conducted during two 30-day cruises (one in 2004 and one in 2005) during the winter mixing period when the passage of these fronts is most common and when few data are available to constrain new production estimates. It will be crucial for this study to sample from a fully weather-capable research vessel, which can stay out and continue operations through most winter storms. We will use direct measurements of NO3-entrainment, NO3-uptake, phytoplankton community structure change, and dissolved and particulate organic matter export to elucidate the linkages between new production and export production as well as determine the main biological responses to short-term physical forcing. Particular emphasis will be placed on biogeochemically critical phytoplankton groups such as diatoms and coccolithophorids, which can exploit transiently favorable conditions of the kind we hypothesize to occur in late winter/early spring and which play a disproportionately large role in organic-matter export in many systems.

An understanding of ocean function is no longer important just to practicing ocean scientists. This project will provide information critical for biogeochemical modelers seeking to constrain future predictions of changes in the oceanic biological pump, and will also provide information of interest to students, teachers and the general public.

If in fact a significant, and previously unmeasured, amount of new production occurs in subtropical gyres during the winter mixing period, then biological processes in the central oceans play a greater role in the global carbon cycle - including regulation of atmospheric CO2 - than we recognize at present. Regardless of whether or not our study shows that this is the case, we will explain the results and their implications to graduate and undergraduate courses through the teaching programs at BBSR and OSU, to high-school and elementary-school teachers through a targeted teacher-training program at BBSR and to the broader public in seminars and other public presentations.

Related files

OC399-3 Cruise Report
OC408-1,2 Cruise Report

References:
Detailed information on phytoplankton analysis.
Lomas, M.W., Roberts, N., Lipschultz, F., Krause, J.W., Nelson, D.M., and Bates, N.R. 2009.
Biogeochemical responses to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea. IV. Rapid succession of
major phytoplankton groups.
Deep Sea Research I, 56: 892-909.
doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.03.004

Detailed information on all silica cycle measurements.
Krause, J.W., Nelson, D.M., and Lomas, M.W. 2009. Biogeochemical responses to late-winter
storms in the Sargasso Sea. 2009. II. Increased rates of biogenic silica production and export.
Deep Sea Research I, 56: 861-875.
doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.01.002

Maiti, K., Benitez-Nelson, C.R., Lomas, M.W., and Krause, J. W. 2009. Biogeochemical responses
to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea. IV. Comparison of Export Production by 234Th and
Sediment Traps.
Deep Sea Research I, 56: 875-892.
doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.01.008

Detailed information on general biogeochemical measurements.
Lomas, M.W., Lipschultz, F., Nelson, D.M., and Bates, N.R. 2009. Biogeochemical responses
to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea. I. Pulses of new and primary production.
Deep Sea Research I, 56: 843-861.
doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.09.002