Radiocarbon data from R/V Blue Heron cruise BH09-12 on Lake Superior in August 2009 (Lake Superior Radiocarbon project)

Website: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3505
Version: 19 July 2013
Version Date: 2013-07-19

Project
» How important is quote old unquote Carbon in Lake Superior. A Radiocarbon Investigation (Lake Superior Radiocarbon)
ContributorsAffiliationRole
Minor, Elizabeth C.University of Minnesota DuluthPrincipal Investigator, Contact
Werne, Josef P.University of Minnesota DuluthCo-Principal Investigator
Gegg, Stephen R.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager


Dataset Description

DIC, DOC, POC, Zoopl Carbon concentration & isotopic data.
For POC and zooplankton C/N ratios also included.

Related files and references:
Sampling procedures, instrumentation, discussion of blanks, etc, included in Zigah, P.K., E.C. Minor, J.P. Werne, and S. L. McCallister, 2011. Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotopic insights into provenance and cycling of carbon in Lake Superior. Limnology and Oceanography 56(3), 867-886.


Methods & Sampling

Because the samples are initially processed on deck and radiocarbon is being measured, the engines of the R/V Blue Heron are shut down during this time allowing the vessel to drift (engines not going and thus less possibility for contamination from the stack), until the processing of the samples has been completed.

Related files and references:
Sampling procedures, instrumentation, discussion of blanks, etc, included in Zigah, P.K., E.C. Minor, J.P. Werne, and S. L. McCallister, 2011. Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotopic insights into provenance and cycling of carbon in Lake Superior. Limnology and Oceanography 56(3), 867-886.

Isotopic data were processed as described in Radiocarbon Data & Calculations.

Concentration data for DOC and DIC are from a Shimadzu TOC-Vcsh Analyzer.

For DIC, the analyzer was calibrated using primary standard grade sodium carbonate and ACS reagent grade sodium bicarbonate. The inorganic carbon in the sample was volatilized with 25% H3PO4 (by weight) in a CO2-free closed reaction vessel, and the CO2 evolved was measured by a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas detector.

For DOC, the samples were acidified to pH 2 with ACS reagent grade HCl at the time of sampling. The TOC analyzer was run in NPOC mode and calibrated with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). Deep seawater from Florida Strait at 700 m (Batch-8 2008) reference waters obtained from the DOC Consensus Reference Program (Hansell laboratory, University of Miami, USA) and additional KHP standards were interspersed and analyzed along with the samples to assess instrumental performance.

Our mean DOC value of the external reference sample was 43.9 ± 3.9 μM (n = 5), and agrees with the consensus value of 41-43 μM. For each sample and standard, three injections were performed. If the standard deviation was not ≤ 2.5%, two more injections were performed and the closest three of the five injections were averaged to yield sample concentration.

Particulate organic samples (on GF/F filters) were fumigated with HCl, dried, then loaded into tin capsules and analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) concentrations using a Costech ECS 4010 elemental analyzer (EA) coupled to Finnigan Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The EA was calibrated with acetanilide (Costech Analytical Technologies Inc., Valencia, CA, USA) and caffeine (SigmalUltra; Wheaton Science Products, NJ, USA) reference standard materials; C and N were quantified using the IRMS. Typical instrumental precisions for POC and PON measurements were respectively, 0.2% and 0.4% of the measured concentrations.


Data Processing Description

BCO-DMO Processing Notes
Generated from original .xls file "August09cruise_collatedC14_OC.xls" contributed by Elizabeth Minor

BCO-DMO Edits
- Column inserted with cruise_id
- Location values split into separate Lat/Lon values
- Lat/Lon values converted to decimal degrees
- Date converted to YYYYMMDD
- Time converted to HHMM
- "time_range" column inserted to preserve start/end time range in time cell ("nd" if no range)
- "time" contains the start time of the time range
- "nd" (no data) value inserted in blank cells
- Commas in various fields converted to semicolons
- "<" symbol changed to "lt"
- ">" symbol changed to "gt"
- Parameter names modified to conform to BCO-DMO convention
- Misc leading and trailing spaces and tabs in various fields removed
- Blank lines removed
- Lat/Lon for data collected at 2009/08/14 1959 CDST corrected to Lat/Lon from CTD station data srg/18April2013
- Data columns and parameters "error_calc_1" and "error" removed. 19July2013, srg


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Data Files

File
August2009_Radiocarbon.csv
(Comma Separated Values (.csv), 13.59 KB)
MD5:4f6be2b3bfe5d106ee489ce2003e293f
Primary data file for dataset ID 3505

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Parameters

ParameterDescriptionUnits
cruise_id

cruise id

text
date

date

yyyymmdd
time

time (CDST)

hhmm
time_range

time range (CDST)

hh:mm
lat

Latitude (South is negative)

decimal degrees
lon

Longitude (West is negative)

decimal degrees
depth_of_sample

depth of sample

meters
Kind

Kind

text
Type

Type

text
Submitter_Identification

Submitter Identification

text
Description

Description

text
d13C

delta13C

per mille
F_Modern

fraction modern

Unitless
Fm_Error

the error in fraction modern (as determined by NOSAMS)

Unitless
Age

Age

Radiocarbon years
Age_Error

Age Error

Radiocarbon years
D14C_NOSAMS

DELTA14C NOSAMS

per mille
D14C_Minor

DELTA14C Minor

per mille
Carbon_content

Carbon content

uM/L
std_dec_C_content

std dec C content

umol C per L
N_content

N content

uM/L
CtoN_MolarRatio

C/N Molar Ratio

Note: The C/N data for the POC samples is from POC2 rather than POC1 (where the radiocarbon and stable carbon numbers come from). In other words, one filter was analyzed by NOSAMS; the other was analyzed by us using an elemental analyzer hooked up to an isotope-ratio mass spec.

ratio
Process

Process Type

text


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Instruments

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
CHN Elemental Analyzer
Generic Instrument Name
CHN Elemental Analyzer
Dataset-specific Description
Costech ECS 4010 elemental analyzer (EA) Finnigan Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) Particulate organic samples (on GF/F filters) were fumigated with HCl, dried, then loaded into tin capsules and analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) concentrations using a Costech ECS 4010 elemental analyzer (EA) coupled to Finnigan Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The EA was calibrated with acetanilide (Costech Analytical Technologies Inc., Valencia, CA, USA) and caffeine (SigmalUltra; Wheaton Science Products, NJ, USA) reference standard materials; C and N were quantified using the IRMS. Typical instrumental precisions for POC and PON measurements were respectively, 0.2% and 0.4% of the measured concentrations.
Generic Instrument Description
A CHN Elemental Analyzer is used for the determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen content in organic and other types of materials, including solids, liquids, volatile, and viscous samples.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer
Generic Instrument Name
Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer
Dataset-specific Description
Costech ECS 4010 elemental analyzer (EA) Finnigan Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) Particulate organic samples (on GF/F filters) were fumigated with HCl, dried, then loaded into tin capsules and analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) concentrations using a Costech ECS 4010 elemental analyzer (EA) coupled to Finnigan Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The EA was calibrated with acetanilide (Costech Analytical Technologies Inc., Valencia, CA, USA) and caffeine (SigmalUltra; Wheaton Science Products, NJ, USA) reference standard materials; C and N were quantified using the IRMS. Typical instrumental precisions for POC and PON measurements were respectively, 0.2% and 0.4% of the measured concentrations.
Generic Instrument Description
The Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer is a particular type of mass spectrometer used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample (e.g. VG Prism II Isotope Ratio Mass-Spectrometer).

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Shimadzu TOC-V Analyzer
Generic Instrument Name
Shimadzu TOC-V Analyzer
Dataset-specific Description
Concentration data for DOC and DIC are from a Shimadzu TOC-Vcsh Analyzer.
Generic Instrument Description
A Shimadzu TOC-V Analyzer measures DOC by high temperature combustion method.


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Deployments

BH09-12

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Start Date
2009-08-14
End Date
2009-08-24


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Project Information

How important is quote old unquote Carbon in Lake Superior. A Radiocarbon Investigation (Lake Superior Radiocarbon)

Coverage: Lake Superior


Organic carbon present in aquatic ecosystems has the potential to either be sequestered by sedimentary organic matter or recycled and contributed to the atmosphere through microbial respiration. Ultimately, the fate of organic matter is dependant upon its source, as well as the physical transport mechanisms and biogeochemical transformations it is exposed to in the water column. Because these processes vary significantly within aquatic systems, such as the ocean, it is difficult to assess the biogeochemical importance of organic carbon; however, it is a problem of critical importance whose results could be utilized to resolve key issues in global biogeochemical carbon cycles and to determine the net heterotrophy of most aquatic environments.

Scientists from the University of Minnesota-Duluth and Virginia Commonwealth University would address this problem by studying organic carbon dynamics in Lake Superior because its biogeochemistry is similar to that of the world ocean. Using Lake Superior as a natural laboratory, the researchers plan to carry out radiocarbon measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and bacterially-respired CO2, as well as obtain the chemical composition of DOC and POC during stratified and non-stratified periods. Results would be used to identify the sources of carbon in the lake and determined transformations of carbon between POC, DOC, DIC, and bacterially-respired CO2.

Educational impacts include workshops and presentation for K-12 audiences as well as research and training opportunities for graduate and undergraduate students in Water Resources Science and Biochemistry classes.

Cruise pictures and info (for a general audience)



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Funding

Funding SourceAward
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE)

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