CTD profiles from the Great Lakes, North America collected during various R/V Blue Heron cruises between 2009-2012 (SINC project)

Website: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3632
Data Type: Cruise Results
Version:
Version Date: 2016-08-24

Project
» Sources and Sinks of Stoichiometrically Imbalanced Nitrate in the Laurentian Great Lakes (SINC)

Program
» Laurentian Great Lakes Ecosystem Studies (Laurentian Great Lakes Ecosystem Studies)
ContributorsAffiliationRole
Sterner, Robert W.University of Minnesota Twin Cities (UMTC)Principal Investigator, Contact
Reinl, Kaitlin L.University of Minnesota DuluthAnalyst
Brovold, SandraUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities (UMTC)Technician
Allison, DickyWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager
Gegg, Stephen R.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager
York, Amber D.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager


Coverage

Spatial Extent: N:49.997 E:-79.894 S:41.733 W:-92.05
Temporal Extent: 2009-11-10 - 2012-08-17

Dataset Description

This dataset contains CTD profile data collected during R/V Blue Heron cruises in the Great Lakes, North America.


Methods & Sampling

CTD casts were conducted during R/V Blue Heron cruises at designated stations. 


Data Processing Description

BCO-DMO Processing Notes
- Generated from original .asc and .xlxs (SINC 6) files contributed by Bob Sterner
- Upcast data removed from original files
- Awk written to reformat original files
- AWK: SINC[x]_CTDasc_2_BCODMO.awk
- Header data (parameter names) for CTD data generated from .hdr files
- Space delimited reformatted to tab delimited
- All records with "#" or "*" ignored
- Blank lines ignored
- BCO-DMO header o/p from routine
- Parameter "sbeox0_Mn" corrected to "sbeox0_Mm" 20July2012/srg
- Dataset generated with parameters common to all cruises 20July2012/srg

Second set of files:
-variable names changed to normalize to BCO-DMO standards
-units included for all variables
- station "michipictoen" lat/lon updated using the ctd lat lon value


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Data Files

File
SINC_CTD.csv
(Comma Separated Values (.csv), 134.45 MB)
MD5:172d8678df6c98a799c97f1e0f50c4f0
Primary data file for dataset ID 3632

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Parameters

ParameterDescriptionUnits
CruiseId

Cruise Id

text
Station

Station - From Station List

text
Date

Station date (GMT)

YYYYMMDD
Time

Station time (GMT)

HHMMSS
Lat

Station latitude (South is negative)

decimal degrees
Lon

Station longitude (West is negative)

decimal degrees
press

Pressure digiquartz SBE 9+

SeaBird documentaion for converting pressure in decibars to depth in meters available at: http://www.seabird.com/application_notes/AN69.htm

Formula for fresh water:
depth (meters) = pressure (decibars) * 1.019716

decibars
temp

Temperature

ITS-90 SBE 3+

degrees C
cond

Conductivity SBE 4C

microSiemens per centimeter
cond_spec

Specific Conductance SBE 4C

microSiemens per centimeter
beam_trans

Beam Transmission Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs Cstar

percentage
fluor

Fluorescence

Wetlabs Wetstar WS3S

milligrams per cubic meters
CDOM

CDOM = colored dissolved organic matter

Wetlabs Wetstar WSCD

milligrams per cubic meters
PAR

PAR/Irradiance = Photosynthetically available radiation

Biospherical QSP-200L

microEinsteins per square centimeters per second
sPAR

Surface Photosynthetially Available Radiation

microEinsteins per square centimeters per second
O2_mg_L

Dissolved Oxygen

SBE43

milligrams per liter
O2_sat

Dissolved Oxygen percent saturation

percentage
sal

Salinity SBE 4C

PSU
lat_ctd

Data latitude (South is negative) from the CTD

decimal degrees
lon_ctd

Data longitude (West is negative) from the CTD

decimal degrees
flag

Flag calculated by software

integer
O2_umol_kg

Dissolved oxygen in micromoles per kilogram

micromoles per kilogram
ISO_DateTime_UTC

Date/Time (UTC) in ISO format YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS[.xx]

unitless


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Instruments

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus
Generic Instrument Name
CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus
Generic Instrument Description
The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
wetstar WSCD
Generic Instrument Name
Fluorometer
Dataset-specific Description
Wetlabs Wetstar WSCD
Generic Instrument Description
A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. The instrument is designed to measure the amount of stimulated electromagnetic radiation produced by pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted into a water sample or in situ.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Wetstar WS3S
Generic Instrument Name
Fluorometer
Dataset-specific Description
Wetlabs Wetstar WS3S
Generic Instrument Description
A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. The instrument is designed to measure the amount of stimulated electromagnetic radiation produced by pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted into a water sample or in situ.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Biospherical QSP-200L
Generic Instrument Name
Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensor
Generic Instrument Description
A PAR sensor measures photosynthetically available (or active) radiation. The sensor measures photon flux density (photons per second per square meter) within the visible wavelength range (typically 400 to 700 nanometers). PAR gives an indication of the total energy available to plants for photosynthesis. This instrument name is used when specific type, make and model are not known.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
SBE 4C
Generic Instrument Name
Salinity Sensor
Generic Instrument Description
Category of instrument that simultaneously measures electrical conductivity and temperature in the water column to provide temperature and salinity data.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
Generic Instrument Name
Sea-Bird SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
Dataset-specific Description
SBE 43
Generic Instrument Description
The Sea-Bird SBE 43 dissolved oxygen sensor is a redesign of the Clark polarographic membrane type of dissolved oxygen sensors. more information from Sea-Bird Electronics

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
SBE 3+
Generic Instrument Name
Sea-Bird SBE-3 Temperature Sensor
Generic Instrument Description
The SBE-3 is a slow response, frequency output temperature sensor manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (Bellevue, Washington, USA). It has an initial accuracy of +/- 0.001 degrees Celsius with a stability of +/- 0.002 degrees Celsius per year and measures seawater temperature in the range of -5.0 to +35 degrees Celsius. more information from Sea-Bird Electronics

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Generic Instrument Name
Transmissometer
Generic Instrument Description
A transmissometer measures the beam attenuation coefficient of the lightsource over the instrument's path-length. This instrument designation is used when specific manufacturer, make and model are not known.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
SBE 9+
Generic Instrument Name
Water Depth Logger
Generic Instrument Description
For measuring and recording water levels in rivers, streams, and wells.


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Deployments

BH10-01

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Report
Start Date
2010-05-14
End Date
2010-05-16
Description
Cruise Name: SINC 5 Dates: May 14-16, 2010 Vessel: R/V Blue Heron UNOLS Cruise ID: BH10-01 Participants: R. Sterner, B. Beall, S. Brovold, S. Queen, B. Scott, C. Small Cruise information and original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog.

Methods & Sampling
* Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: * FileName = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_MayCD1_02.hex * Software Version Seasave V 7.20c * Temperature SN = 2723 * Conductivity SN = 2271 * Number of Bytes Per Scan = 34 * Number of Voltage Words = 5 * Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 * System UpLoad Time = May 14 2010 13:32:16 * NMEA Latitude = 47 03.50 N * NMEA Longitude = 091 24.77 W * NMEA UTC (Time) = May 14 2010  18:32:12 * Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan ** Ship: ** Station: ** Operator: # nquan = 15 # nvalues = 36024                   # units = specified # name 0 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 1 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 2 = c0uS/cm: Conductivity [uS/cm] # name 3 = specc: Specific Conductance [uS/cm] # name 4 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/Wetlab CStar [%] # name 5 = wetStar: Fluorescence, Wetlab Wetstar [mg/m^3] # name 6 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 7 = ph: pH # name 8 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor # name 9 = sal00: Salinity [PSU] # name 10 = sbeox0Mm/Kg: Oxygen, SBE 43 [umol/Kg] # name 11 = sbeox0Mg/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [mg/l] # name 12 = wetCDOM: Fluorescence, Wetlab CDOM [mg/m^3] # name 13 = scan: Scan Count # name 14 = flag:  0.000e+00 # span 0 =      0.809,    220.882       # span 1 =     2.9832,     3.4509       # span 2 =  56.427799,  59.041880       # span 3 =    100.619,    105.090       # span 4 =    89.1379,    93.8012       # span 5 =     0.7316,     3.6803       # span 6 =     -0.723,      0.668       # span 7 =      7.839,      8.003       # span 8 = 1.0000e-12, 2.5855e+03       # span 9 =     0.0434,     0.0454       # span 10 =      0.000,      0.000      # span 11 =    0.00000,    0.00000      # span 12 =     1.1320,     5.3762      # span 13 =          1,      36024      # span 14 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00      # interval = seconds: 0.0416667                   # start_time = May 14 2010 13:32:16 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # sensor 0 = Frequency  0  temperature, 2723, 24 Feb 2010 # sensor 1 = Frequency  1  conductivity, 2271, 24 Feb 2010, cpcor = -9.5700e-08 # sensor 2 = Frequency  2  pressure, 75869, 31 Mar 2009 # sensor 3 = Extrnl Volt  0  Oxygen, SBE, primary, 0471, 07-Apr-10p # sensor 4 = Extrnl Volt  1  WET Labs, CDOM # sensor 5 = Extrnl Volt  2  pH, 270135, 18 Mar 2010 # sensor 6 = Extrnl Volt  3  oxidation reduction potential, 270135, 30 Mar 2009 # sensor 7 = Extrnl Volt  4  transmissometer, primary, CST-268PR, 25 Mar 2010 # sensor 8 = Extrnl Volt  5  WET Labs, WETStar fluorometer, WS3S-553P, 7 Apr 2010 # sensor 9 = Extrnl Volt  6  altimeter # sensor 10 = Extrnl Volt  7  irradiance (PAR), primary, 4554, 23 Feb 2010 # sensor 11 = Extrnl Volt  9  surface irradiance (SPAR), degrees = 0.0 # datcnv_date = May 16 2010 17:06:59, 5.37e # datcnv_in = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_MayCD1_02.hex C:SeasaveConfiguration Files2010CTDCon2010_alpha.con # datcnv_skipover = 0 # file_type = ascii *END*  

Processing Description
These data have not been processed

BH10-06

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Report
Start Date
2010-06-25
End Date
2010-06-27
Description
Cruise Name: SINC 6 Dates: June 25-27, 2010 Vessel: R/V Blue Heron UNOLS Cruise ID: BH10-06 (Not verified srg/13April2012) Participants: R. Sterner, B. Beall, S. Brovold, O. Kutovaya, C. Small, H. Carrick Cruise information and original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog.

Methods & Sampling
* Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: * FileName = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_JuneCD1_01.hex * Software Version Seasave V 7.20c * Temperature SN = 2723 * Conductivity SN = 2271 * Number of Bytes Per Scan = 34 * Number of Voltage Words = 5 * Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 * System UpLoad Time = Jun 25 2010 13:23:21 * NMEA Latitude = 47 03.89 N * NMEA Longitude = 091 25.77 W * NMEA UTC (Time) = Jun 25 2010  18:22:09 * Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan ** Ship: ** Station: ** Operator: # nquan = 15 # nvalues = 34501                   # units = specified # name 0 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 1 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 2 = c0uS/cm: Conductivity [uS/cm] # name 3 = specc: Specific Conductance [uS/cm] # name 4 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/Wetlab CStar [%] # name 5 = wetStar: Fluorescence, Wetlab Wetstar [mg/m^3] # name 6 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 7 = ph: pH # name 8 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor # name 9 = sal00: Salinity [PSU] # name 10 = sbeox0Mm/Kg: Oxygen, SBE 43 [umol/Kg] # name 11 = sbeox0Mg/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [mg/l] # name 12 = wetCDOM: Fluorescence, Wetlab CDOM [mg/m^3] # name 13 = scan: Scan Count # name 14 = flag:  0.000e+00 # span 0 =      0.544,    246.599       # span 1 =     3.5446,    12.1537       # span 2 =  57.553451,  74.092591       # span 3 =     97.475,    103.067       # span 4 =    82.4021,    94.2416       # span 5 =     0.6584,     7.6547       # span 6 =     -0.591,      0.352       # span 7 =      7.828,      8.185       # span 8 = 1.0000e-12, 1.6487e+03       # span 9 =     0.0437,     0.0480       # span 10 =      0.000,      0.000      # span 11 =    0.00000,    0.00000      # span 12 =     0.9777,     1.9037      # span 13 =          1,      34501      # span 14 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00      # interval = seconds: 0.0416667                   # start_time = Jun 25 2010 13:23:21 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # sensor 0 = Frequency  0  temperature, 2723, 24 Feb 2010 # sensor 1 = Frequency  1  conductivity, 2271, 24 Feb 2010, cpcor = -9.5700e-08 # sensor 2 = Frequency  2  pressure, 75869, 31 Mar 2009 # sensor 3 = Extrnl Volt  0  Oxygen, SBE, primary, 0471, 07-Apr-10p # sensor 4 = Extrnl Volt  1  WET Labs, CDOM # sensor 5 = Extrnl Volt  2  pH, 270135, 18 Mar 2010 # sensor 6 = Extrnl Volt  3  oxidation reduction potential, 270135, 30 Mar 2009 # sensor 7 = Extrnl Volt  4  transmissometer, primary, CST-268PR, 25 Mar 2010 # sensor 8 = Extrnl Volt  5  WET Labs, WETStar fluorometer, WS3S-553P, 7 Apr 2010 # sensor 9 = Extrnl Volt  6  altimeter # sensor 10 = Extrnl Volt  7  irradiance (PAR), primary, 4554, 23 Feb 2010 # sensor 11 = Extrnl Volt  9  surface irradiance (SPAR), degrees = 0.0 # datcnv_date = Jun 27 2010 14:26:52, 5.37e # datcnv_in = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_JuneCD1_01.hex C:SeasaveConfiguration Files2010CTDCon2010_alpha.con # datcnv_skipover = 0 # file_type = ascii *END*  

Processing Description
These data have not been processed

BH10-13

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Report
Start Date
2010-08-18
End Date
2010-08-20
Description
Cruise Name: SINC 10 Dates: August 18-20, 2010 Vessel: R/V Blue Heron UNOLS Cruise ID: BH10-13 Participants: J. Finlay, G. Bullerjahn, S. Brovold, C. Small, B. Scott, M. Mukherjee Cruise information and original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog.

Methods & Sampling
* Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: * FileName = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_AugustCD1_01.hex * Software Version Seasave V 7.20c * Temperature SN = 2723 * Conductivity SN = 2271 * Number of Bytes Per Scan = 34 * Number of Voltage Words = 5 * Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 * System UpLoad Time = Aug 18 2010 10:58:13 * NMEA Latitude = 47 03.91 N * NMEA Longitude = 091 26.30 W * NMEA UTC (Time) = Aug 18 2010  15:55:40 * Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan ** Ship: ** Station: ** Operator: # nquan = 18 # nvalues = 38533                                 # units = specified # name 0 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 1 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 2 = c0uS/cm: Conductivity [uS/cm] # name 3 = specc: Specific Conductance [uS/cm] # name 4 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar [%] # name 5 = wetStar: Fluorescence, WET Labs WETstar [mg/m^3] # name 6 = wetCDOM: Fluorescence, WET Labs CDOM [mg/m^3] # name 7 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor # name 8 = spar: SPAR/Surface Irradiance # name 9 = sbeox0Mg/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [mg/l] # name 10 = sbeox0PS: Oxygen, SBE 43 [% saturation] # name 11 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 12 = ph: pH # name 13 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU] # name 14 = latitude: Latitude [deg] # name 15 = longitude: Longitude [deg] # name 16 = scan: Scan Count # name 17 = flag:  0.000e+00 # span 0 =      0.381,    243.916                 # span 1 =     3.7360,     5.3268                 # span 2 =  57.765617,  60.926259                 # span 3 =     99.208,    101.857                 # span 4 =    89.5783,    95.4851                 # span 5 =     0.5118,     4.0833                 # span 6 =     1.2864,     2.0581                 # span 7 = 1.0000e-12, 4.5454e+02                 # span 8 = 1.8430e+02, 3.7079e+02                 # span 9 =   12.68839,   12.98624                 # span 10 =   96.16482,  102.22034                # span 11 =     -0.673,      0.507                # span 12 =      7.857,      8.144                # span 13 =     0.0436,     0.0449                # span 14 =   47.06516,   47.06614                # span 15 =  -91.43976,  -91.43832                # span 16 =          1,      38533                # span 17 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00                # interval = seconds: 0.0416667 # start_time = Aug 18 2010 15:55:40 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # #   #     #     #       2723 #       24 Feb 2010 #       1 #       0.00000000e+000 #       0.00000000e+000 #       0.00000000e+000 #       0.00000000e+000 #       0.000 #       4.33286070e-003 #       6.42095668e-004 #       2.32440901e-005 #       2.26815230e-006 #       1000.000 #       1.00000000 #       0.0000 #     #   #   #     #     #       2271 #       24 Feb 2010 #       1 #       #       0.0000 #       2000.0000 #       0 #       #         0.00000000e+000 #         0.00000000e+000 #         0.00000000e+000 #         0.00000000e+000 #         0.0 #         0.00000000e+000 #       #       #         -1.04488660e+001 #         1.44573900e+000 #         -1.72104845e-003 #         2.03207110e-004 #         -9.57000000e-008 #         3.2500e-006 #         #         0.00000000e+000 #       #       1.00000000 #       0.00000 #     #   #   #     #     #       75869 #       31 Mar 2009 #       -8.206847e+003 #       -1.514489e-001 #       2.337490e-003 #       5.245000e-002 #       0.000000e+000 #       3.045671e+001 #       -3.560049e-004 #       3.341080e-006 #       2.507800e-009 #       0.99985000 #       -0.12820 #       0.000000e+000 #       1.287830e-002 #       -8.897580e+000 #     #   #   #     #     #       0471 #       07-Apr-10p #       1 #       #         #         0.0000 #         0.0000e+000 #         0.0000 #         0.00e+000 #         0.0000 #         0.0 #       #       #         #         4.9980e-001 #         -0.5084 #         -2.0487e-003 #         9.5571e-005 #         -1.9119e-006 #         2.5826e+000 #         1.92630e-004 #         -4.64800e-002 #         3.6000e-002 #         1.0100 #         -3.3000e-002 #         5.0000e+003 #         1.4500e+003 #       #     #   #   #     #     #       WSCD-1178 #       7 Apr 2010 #       63.200 #       0.070 #     #   #   #     #     #       270135 #       18 Mar 2010 #       4.6237 #       2.5090 #     #   #   #     #     #       270135 #       30 Mar 2009 #       2.498000 #       -0.494500 #       0.0 #     #   #   #     #     #       CST-268PR #       25 Mar 2010 #       21.2179 #       -1.2519 #       0.250 #     #   #   #     #     #       WS3S-553P #       7 Apr 2010 #       15.000 #       0.066 #     #   #   #     #     #       802 #       20 MAR2004 #       15.000 #       0.000 #     #   #   #     #     #       4554 #       23 Feb 2010 #       1.00000000 #       0.00000000 #       2994011976.00000000 #       1.00000000 #       -0.50320676 #     #   #   #     #   #   #     #     #       20255 #       7-27-06 #       1796.88720329 #       1.00000000 #     #   # # datcnv_date = Aug 24 2010 15:13:03, 7.20f # datcnv_in = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_AugustCD1_01.hex C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_AugustCD1_01.XMLCON # datcnv_skipover = 0 # datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes # datcnv_ox_tau_correction = yes # file_type = ascii *END*    

Processing Description
These data have not been processed

BH10-22

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Report
Start Date
2010-10-05
End Date
2010-10-07
Description
Cruise Name: SINC 11 Dates: October 05-07, 2010 Vessel: R/V Blue Heron UNOLS Cruise ID: BH10-22 Participants: R. Sterner, H. Carrick, S. Brovold, C. Small, B. Scott, B. Beall Cruise information and original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog.

Methods & Sampling
* Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: * FileName = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_OctCD1_01.hex * Software Version Seasave V 7.20c * Temperature SN = 2723 * Conductivity SN = 2271 * Number of Bytes Per Scan = 34 * Number of Voltage Words = 5 * Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 * System UpLoad Time = Oct 05 2010 10:49:57 * NMEA Latitude = 47 03.84 N * NMEA Longitude = 091 25.95 W * NMEA UTC (Time) = Oct 05 2010  15:46:18 * Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan ** Ship: ** Station: ** Operator: # nquan = 18 # nvalues = 57429                                  # units = specified # name 0 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 1 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 2 = c0uS/cm: Conductivity [uS/cm] # name 3 = specc: Specific Conductance [uS/cm] # name 4 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar [%] # name 5 = wetStar: Fluorescence, WET Labs WETstar [mg/m^3] # name 6 = wetCDOM: Fluorescence, WET Labs CDOM [mg/m^3] # name 7 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor # name 8 = spar: SPAR/Surface Irradiance # name 9 = sbeox0Mg/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [mg/l] # name 10 = sbeox0PS: Oxygen, SBE 43 [% saturation] # name 11 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 12 = ph: pH # name 13 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU] # name 14 = latitude: Latitude [deg] # name 15 = longitude: Longitude [deg] # name 16 = scan: Scan Count # name 17 = flag:  0.000e+00 # span 0 =     -1.323,    244.848                  # span 1 =     3.7131,     9.7931                  # span 2 =  -1.728774,  68.922486                  # span 3 =     -2.527,    102.061                  # span 4 =    51.4690,    92.9722                  # span 5 =     0.4935,     8.9734                  # span 6 =     0.9777,     2.5982                  # span 7 = 1.0000e-12, 9.9990e+03                  # span 8 = 2.0229e+03, 2.1238e+03                  # span 9 =    9.60225,   12.60689                  # span 10 =   83.42765,  102.64286                 # span 11 =     -0.506,      0.295                 # span 12 =      8.212,      8.778                 # span 13 =     0.0000,     0.0471                 # span 14 =   47.06340,   47.06410                 # span 15 =  -91.43350,  -91.43236                 # span 16 =          1,      57429                 # span 17 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00                 # interval = seconds: 0.0416667 # start_time = Oct 05 2010 15:46:18 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # #   #     #     #       2723 #       24 Feb 2010 #       1 #       0.00000000e+000 #       0.00000000e+000 #       0.00000000e+000 #       0.00000000e+000 #       0.000 #       4.33286070e-003 #       6.42095668e-004 #       2.32440901e-005 #       2.26815230e-006 #       1000.000 #       1.00000000 #       0.0000 #     #   #   #     #     #       2271 #       24 Feb 2010 #       1 #       #       0.0000 #       2000.0000 #       0 #       #         0.00000000e+000 #         0.00000000e+000 #         0.00000000e+000 #         0.00000000e+000 #         0.0 #         0.00000000e+000 #       #       #         -1.04488660e+001 #         1.44573900e+000 #         -1.72104845e-003 #         2.03207110e-004 #         -9.57000000e-008 #         3.2500e-006 #         #         0.00000000e+000 #       #       1.00000000 #       0.00000 #     #   #   #     #     #       75869 #       31 Mar 2009 #       -8.206847e+003 #       -1.514489e-001 #       2.337490e-003 #       5.245000e-002 #       0.000000e+000 #       3.045671e+001 #       -3.560049e-004 #       3.341080e-006 #       2.507800e-009 #       0.99985000 #       -0.12820 #       0.000000e+000 #       1.287830e-002 #       -8.897580e+000 #     #   #   #     #     #       0471 #       07-Apr-10p #       1 #       #         #         0.0000 #         0.0000e+000 #         0.0000 #         0.00e+000 #         0.0000 #         0.0 #       #       #         #         4.9980e-001 #         -0.5084 #         -2.0487e-003 #         9.5571e-005 #         -1.9119e-006 #         2.5826e+000 #         1.92630e-004 #         -4.64800e-002 #         3.6000e-002 #         1.0100 #         -3.3000e-002 #         5.0000e+003 #         1.4500e+003 #       #     #   #   #     #     #       WSCD-1178 #       7 Apr 2010 #       63.200 #       0.070 #     #   #   #     #     #       270135 #       18 Mar 2010 #       4.6237 #       2.5090 #     #   #   #     #     #       270135 #       30 Mar 2009 #       2.498000 #       -0.494500 #       0.0 #     #   #   #     #     #       CST-268PR #       25 Mar 2010 #       21.2179 #       -1.2519 #       0.250 #     #   #   #     #     #       WS3S-553P #       7 Apr 2010 #       15.000 #       0.066 #     #   #   #     #     #       802 #       20 MAR2004 #       15.000 #       0.000 #     #   #   #     #     #       4554 #       23 Feb 2010 #       1.00000000 #       0.00000000 #       2994011976.00000000 #       1.00000000 #       -0.50320676 #     #   #   #     #   #   #     #     #       20255 #       7-27-06 #       1796.88720329 #       1.00000000 #     #   # # datcnv_date = Oct 07 2010 10:59:51, 7.20f # datcnv_in = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_OctCD1_01.hex C:SeasaveRawCTD_2010Sterner_OctCD1_01.XMLCON # datcnv_skipover = 0 # datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes # datcnv_ox_tau_correction = yes # file_type = ascii *END*    

Processing Description
These data have not been processed

BH09-SINC1

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Report
Start Date
2009-11-10
End Date
2009-11-12
Description
Cruise Name: SINC 1 Dates: 10 - 12 November 2009 Vessel: R/V Blue Heron UNOLS Cruise ID: (tbd) Participants: R. Sterner, S. Brovold, Aaron Myers, Brenda Scott, Nick Sterner

Methods & Sampling
* Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: * FileName = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2009Sterner Nov 2009CB-1.dat * Software Version Seasave Win32 V 5.37d * Temperature SN = 2723 * Conductivity SN = 2271 * Number of Bytes Per Scan = 34 * Number of Voltage Words = 5 * Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 * System UpLoad Time = Nov 11 2009 10:41:22 * NMEA Latitude = 46 46.90 N * NMEA Longitude = 090 16.20 W * NMEA UTC (Time) = Nov 11 2009  16:37:34 * Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan ** Ship:        ** Cruise:      ** Station:     ** Latitude:    ** Longitude:   # nquan = 17 # nvalues = 16550                    # units = specified # name 0 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 1 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 2 = c0uS/cm: Conductivity [uS/cm] # name 3 = specc: Specific Conductance [uS/cm] # name 4 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/Wetlab CStar [%] # name 5 = wetStar: Fluorescence, Wetlab Wetstar [mg/m^3] # name 6 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 7 = ph: pH # name 8 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor # name 9 = sal00: Salinity [PSU] # name 10 = sbeox0Mm/Kg: Oxygen, SBE 43 [umol/Kg] # name 11 = sbeox0Mg/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [mg/l] # name 12 = wetCDOM: Fluorescence, Wetlab CDOM [mg/m^3] # name 13 = latitude: Latitude [deg] # name 14 = longitude: Longitude [deg] # name 15 = scan: Scan Count # name 16 = flag:  0.000e+00 # span 0 =      0.057,     94.846        # span 1 =     5.6278,     7.1234        # span 2 =  61.724951,  65.099069        # span 3 =     99.777,    101.593        # span 4 =    14.1542,    95.3706        # span 5 =     1.0729,     4.6682        # span 6 =     -1.114,      0.872        # span 7 =     10.913,     12.055        # span 8 = 4.2071e+00, 7.9343e+03        # span 9 =     0.0451,     0.0463        # span 10 =    256.933,    314.379       # span 11 =    8.22124,   10.05935       # span 12 =     1.1262,     2.3707       # span 13 =   46.78166,   46.78380       # span 14 =  -90.27012,  -90.26912       # span 15 =          1,      16550       # span 16 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00       # interval = seconds: 0.0416667                    # start_time = Nov 11 2009 10:41:22 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # sensor 0 = Frequency  0  temperature, 2723, 12 Feb 2009 # sensor 1 = Frequency  1  conductivity, 2271, 10 Feb 2009, cpcor = -9.5700e-08 # sensor 2 = Frequency  2  pressure, 75869, 31 Mar 2009 # sensor 3 = Extrnl Volt  0  Oxygen, SBE, primary, 0471, 06 Feb 2009 # sensor 4 = Extrnl Volt  1  WET Labs, CDOM # sensor 5 = Extrnl Volt  2  pH, 270135, 30 Mar 2009 # sensor 6 = Extrnl Volt  3  oxidation reduction potential, 270135, 30 Mar 2009 # sensor 7 = Extrnl Volt  4  transmissometer, primary, CST-268PR, 25 Mar 2009 # sensor 8 = Extrnl Volt  5  WET Labs, WETStar fluorometer, 10 Mar 2009 # sensor 9 = Extrnl Volt  6  altimeter # sensor 10 = Extrnl Volt  7  irradiance (PAR), primary, 4554, 18 Mar 2009 # sensor 11 = Extrnl Volt  9  surface irradiance (SPAR), degrees = 0.0 # datcnv_date = Nov 11 2009 19:34:19, 5.37e # datcnv_in = C:SeasaveRawCTD_2009Sterner Nov 2009CB-1.dat C:SeasaveRawCTD_2009Sterner Nov 2009CB-1.CON # datcnv_skipover = 0 # file_type = ascii *END*

BH11-01

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Start Date
2011-03-29
End Date
2011-03-31
Description
These cruises are part of the Laurentian Great Lakes studies.  

BH11-14

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Start Date
2011-07-14
End Date
2011-07-30
Description
these cruises are part of the greater Great Lakes project

BH12-20

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Start Date
2012-08-14
End Date
2012-08-17
Description
part of the Laurentian Great Lakes Project

BH12-10

Website
Platform
R/V Blue Heron
Start Date
2012-06-25
End Date
2012-06-30
Description
Part of Great Lakes Project


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Project Information

Sources and Sinks of Stoichiometrically Imbalanced Nitrate in the Laurentian Great Lakes (SINC)


Coverage: Lake Superior; Great Lakes


This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).

Over large scales encompassing heterogeneous conditions, biogeochemical mechanisms act to achieve a stoichiometric balance between nitrogen and phosphorus. Locally, however, imbalances can develop. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a vast freshwater system where nitrate has been steadily accumulating for decades. Previous work has shown that in Lake Superior, the headwaters of the system, nitrate enters the lake water primarily due to in-lake biogeochemical processes, not due to passive accumulation of nitrate as a conservative substance as previously believed. An extreme stoichiometric imbalance of nitrate/phosphate ratios (~ 10,000 by moles) is present and is apparently growing. This set of prior findings opens up two major questions. First, what are the principal biogeochemical control points that tip the N cycle toward buildup of excess nitrate? And second, how does the extreme stoichiometric imbalance affect the ecology and evolution of Lake Superior's biota?

In this project, researchers at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities and the Bowling Green State University, who previously documented the nitrate buildup in Lake Superior, will continue their research program and address these two questions. The project is organized around making comparative measurements of N assimilation, nitrification, denitrification, anammox, and microbial community structure in Lake Superior and in the central basin of Lake Erie. These two environments differ greatly in many ways including redox state and organic carbon production rates. From the standpoint of N balancing mechanisms, they can be considered end members within the Laurentian Great Lakes. Additional data will be collected across a larger region of the Upper Great Lakes including Lake Huron. Up-to-date mass balance budgets of nitrogen of the most of the Great Lakes (Lake Superior is already done) will be constructed and linked with hydrologic fluxes to gain insights into the dynamics of N across the entire Laurentian Great Lakes System. Observations of water chemistry will be made with ship-board sampling together with field-deployed nitrate sensors in shallow and deep waters. Process studies will be performed in the water column and at the sediment-water interface and will involve sensitive stable isotope techniques. These will include measurements of NO3 and NH4+ uptake into different size fractions, exchanges of different forms of N and C between the water column and sediments, nitrification, denitrification, and anammox. The diversity and abundance of ammonia oxidizing Archea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) will be studied using quantitative real time PCR and DGGE. Similarly, the genetic composition of denitrifyers and anammox bacteria will be studied to see if they too are represented by novel clades in Lake Superior. Cultured nitrifyers will be characterized in terms of growth under different conditions typically encountered across the Great Lakes. The project will yield valuable information and insight into the operation of the nitrogen cycle under conditions that promote stoichiometric imbalances.

Previous work (2004-2007) by this team of investigators and others investigated the intersection of the nitrogen cycle with the phosphorus and iron cycles in Lake Superior and included studying the responses of plankton communities to differing nutrient supply regimes. Prior to 2004, many of the same investigators conducted research on the existence, mechanisms, spatial-temporal extent, and significance of trace metal limitation to primary production in Lake Superior. This early research was designed to quantify and characterize total and bioactive trace metal concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Co in Lake Superior. The project included immunological and fluorescence assays to assess metal deficiency in algae in the natural environment and trace metal enrichment experiments in the laboratory to assess limitation experimentally.

The Laurentian Great Lakes are a valuable regional resource and an immense reservoir of planetary fresh water. Lake Superior is often considered to be relatively pristine but the ultimate source of the N converted to nitrate in the lake is as yet unknown and may involve past changes to the watershed or other anthropogenic factors.



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Program Information

Laurentian Great Lakes Ecosystem Studies (Laurentian Great Lakes Ecosystem Studies)


Coverage: Laurentian Great Lakes


A series of studies concerned with the chemistry and biology of the Laurentian Great Lakes.  These different studies share a focus on the dynamics of organic pools of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the stoichiometric linkages among these elements. At different times, work also has focused on trace metal dynamics and interactions with biota, the rates of primary production and herbivory, rates and patterns of primary productivity, and the century-long, steady trend of increasing nitrate in Earth's largest lake by area.  Microbial populations have been investigated and linked to these chemical properties.

This Program was created by BCO-DMO staff to bring various Laurentian Great Lakes Research projects under one umbrella for improved discovery and access.

Dates: 1998 - 2014
Funding: NSF/OCE and Minnesota Sea Grant



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Funding

Funding SourceAward
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE)
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE)

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