Table of Contents

• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Program Information
• Funding

This alongtrack data was recorded by the R/V Knorr's data logging system, Calliope, during the KN207-03 cruise from 06/15/12 to 07/14/12. The data are preliminary; no QC has been done.

A .csv file was generated for each day of the cruise.

Known data acquisition problems:
On both 22 June 2012 from 11:20am (UTC) through 12:34pm (UTC) and on 01 July 2012 from 09:36am (UTC) through 11:13pm (UTC): Underway Fluorometer and SBE45 sensors were flushed with fresh water and Fluorometer cell cleaned as data showed 'greens growing' behavior, ie fluorometer data steadily rising. Data columns affected are: flr, sal_ss_SBE, temp_ss5_2, sal_ss, cond_mS. Data from these items should be considered faulty from 11:20am UTC until 12:35pm UTC on 22 June 2012 and from 09:36am UTC until 11:14pm UTC on 01 July 2012, while waterflow was secured to these instruments for cleaning.

BCO-DMO retrieved the .csv files from the WHOI's Data Library and Archives (DLA) and the following edits were made:
- Blank values were replaced with 'nd' to indicate 'no data';
- Parameter names were changed to conform to BCO-DMO conventions;
- time_gmt was converted from HH:MM:SS format to HHMM.mm (hours, minutes, decimal minutes);
- temp_ss5_2 values for 01 July 2012 from 1136.37 to 1211.37 (time_gmt) were corrupt, containing undecipherable symbols. Those have been replaced with 'nd';
- The following parameters were removed from display:
   Depth35 (3.5 kHz depth) - all values were 0 or nd.
   HdChkSum61 - no data; column used for QC only.
   SBE45C - duplication of cond_mS; both are sea surface conductivity from the primary source (SBE45).
   SBE48T - duplication of temp_ss; both are sea surface temp from the primary sensor (SBE48).
   WXTS_Ta (air temp starboard) - values are identical to temp_air.
   WXTS_Pa (press_bar starboard) - values are identical to press_bar.
   WXTP_Ua (humidity port) - values are identical to humidity.

This project is also called "NA-VICE" (North Atlantic Virus Infection of Coccolithophores Expedition).

Project description from NSF award abstract:
Despite the critical importance of viruses in shaping marine microbial ecosystems, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating phytoplankton-virus interactions. As a consequence, we currently lack biomarkers to quantify active viral infection in the oceans, significantly hindering our understanding of its ecological and biogeochemical impacts.

The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyte) is a cosmopolitan unicellular photoautotroph whose calcite skeletons account for about a third of the total marine CaCO3 production. E. huxleyi forms massive annual spring blooms in the North Atlantic that are infected and terminated by lytic, giant double-stranded DNA containing coccolithoviruses. Findings that lytic viral infection of E. huxleyi recruits the hosts programmed cell death (PCD) machinery demonstrate that viruses employ a sophisticated, co-evolutionary “arms race” in mediating host-virus interactions. The investigators recently demonstrated that viral glycosphingolipids (vGSLs), derived from unexpected cluster of sphingolipid biosynthetic genes, a pathway never before described in a viral genome, play a crucial functional role in facilitating infection of E. huxleyi. The observations of vGSLs in the North Atlantic and Norwegian fjords further suggest that they may be novel, diagnostic biomarkers for viral infection of coccolithophore populations. At the same time, the discovery of vGSLs and a distinct, protective 802 lipid argues that a host-virus, co-evolutionary chemical arms race plays a pivotal role in regulating viral infection and in lubricating upper ocean biogeochemical fluxes of carbon and sulfur.

The focus of this collaborative research project is to elucidate the molecular, ecological, and biogeochemical links between vGSLs (and other polar lipids) and the global cycles of carbon and sulfur.

The team of investigators proposes a multi-pronged approach combing a suite of lab-based, mechanistic studies using several haptophyte-virus model systems along with observational studies and manipulative field-based experiments the Northeast Atlantic. Using these diagnostic markers, they will document active viral infection of natural coccolithophore populations and couple it with a suite of oceanographic measurements in order to quantify how viral infection (via vGSLs) influences cell fate, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, vertical export of particular organic (POC) and inorganic carbon (PIC; as calcium carbonate, CaCO3) (along with associated alkenone lipid biomarkers and genetic signatures of viruses and their hosts) and the upper ocean sulfur cycle (via the cycling of dimethylsulfide [DMS] and other biogenic sulfur compounds). Furthermore, given they are unique to viruses, the investigators propose that vGSLs can be used to trace the flow of virally-derived carbon and provide quantitative insights into a “viral shunt” that diverts fixed carbon from higher trophic levels and the deep sea.

The overarching hypothesis for this study is that vGSLs are cornerstone molecules in the upper ocean, which facilitate viral infection on massive scales and thereby mechanistically "lubricate" the biogeochemical fluxes of C and S in the ocean.

The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology that inform on and advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The overall program goals are to promote, plan, and coordinate collaborative, multidisciplinary research opportunities within the U.S. research community and with international partners. Important OCB-related activities currently include: the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change (OCCC) and the North American Carbon Program (NACP); U.S. contributions to IMBER, SOLAS, CARBOOCEAN; and numerous U.S. single-investigator and medium-size research projects funded by U.S. federal agencies including NASA, NOAA, and NSF.

The scientific mission of OCB is to study the evolving role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, in the face of environmental variability and change through studies of marine biogeochemical cycles and associated ecosystems.

The overarching OCB science themes include improved understanding and prediction of: 1) oceanic uptake and release of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases and 2) environmental sensitivities of biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems, and interactions between the two.

The OCB Research Priorities (updated January 2012) include: ocean acidification; terrestrial/coastal carbon fluxes and exchanges; climate sensitivities of and change in ecosystem structure and associated impacts on biogeochemical cycles; mesopelagic ecological and biogeochemical interactions; benthic-pelagic feedbacks on biogeochemical cycles; ocean carbon uptake and storage; and expanding low-oxygen conditions in the coastal and open oceans.