CTD and bottle sample data from R/V Melville cruise MV1101 in the Southern Ocean (30-60S) in 2011 (Great Calcite Belt project)

Website: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/474068
Version: 08 January 2014
Version Date: 2014-01-08

Project
» The Great Southern Coccolithophore Belt (Great Calcite Belt)
ContributorsAffiliationRole
Balch, William M.Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesPrincipal Investigator, Contact
Gegg, Stephen R.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager


Dataset Description

CTD Bottle Data - MV1101


Methods & Sampling

* Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File:
* FileName = C:\CTD\MV1101-Balch\09401.hex
* Software Version Seasave V 7.20g
* Temperature SN = 4209
* Conductivity SN = 2572
* Number of Bytes Per Scan = 44
* Number of Voltage Words = 5
* Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1
* Append System Time to Every Scan
* System UpLoad Time = Feb 07 2011 18:48:24
* NMEA Latitude = 49 31.82 S
* NMEA Longitude = 009 11.94 W
* NMEA UTC (Time) = Feb 07 2011 18:48:14
* Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan
** SHIP: RV-Melville RV-Melville
** CRUISE: MV1101 MV-1101
** STATION: 094
** CAST: 01
** Event# 0941848
# interval = seconds: 0.0416667
# start_time = Feb 07 2011 18:48:24 [System UTC, first data scan.]
# <Sensors count="15" >
#   <sensor Channel="1" >
#     <!-- Frequency 0, Temperature -->
#     <TemperatureSensor SensorID="55" >
#       <SerialNumber>4209</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>05-Oct-2010 </CalibrationDate>
#       <UseG_J>1</UseG_J>
#       <A>4.37678235e-003</A>
#       <B>6.44438270e-004</B>
#       <C>2.17656588e-005</C>
#       <D>1.69467919e-006</D>
#       <F0_Old>1000.000</F0_Old>
#       <G>4.37657769e-003</G>
#       <H>6.44225069e-004</H>
#       <I>2.17331621e-005</I>
#       <J>1.69320881e-006</J>
#       <F0>1000.000</F0>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.0000</Offset>
#     </TemperatureSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="2" >
#     <!-- Frequency 1, Conductivity -->
#     <ConductivitySensor SensorID="3" >
#       <SerialNumber>2572</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>21-Sep-10 </CalibrationDate>
#       <UseG_J>1</UseG_J>
#       <!-- Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors. -->
#       <SeriesR>0.0000</SeriesR>
#       <CellConst>2000.0000</CellConst>
#       <ConductivityType>0</ConductivityType>
#       <Coefficients equation="0" >
#         <A>0.00000000e+000</A>
#         <B>0.00000000e+000</B>
#         <C>0.00000000e+000</C>
#         <D>0.00000000e+000</D>
#         <M>0.0</M>
#         <CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor>
#       </Coefficients>
#       <Coefficients equation="1" >
#         <G>-1.01992844e+001</G>
#         <H>1.57134377e+000</H>
#         <I>3.74440094e-004</I>
#         <J>5.17863092e-005</J>
#         <CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor>
#         <CTcor>3.2500e-006</CTcor>
#         <!-- WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1. -->
#         <WBOTC>0.00000000e+000</WBOTC>
#       </Coefficients>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.00000</Offset>
#     </ConductivitySensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="3" >
#     <!-- Frequency 2, Pressure, Digiquartz with TC -->
#     <PressureSensor SensorID="45" >
#       <SerialNumber>0914</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>04-AUG-2010</CalibrationDate>
#       <C1>-4.348786e+004</C1>
#       <C2>1.072445e-001</C2>
#       <C3>5.364520e-003</C3>
#       <D1>3.649793e-002</D1>
#       <D2>0.000000e+000</D2>
#       <T1>3.006798e+001</T1>
#       <T2>-2.820967e-004</T2>
#       <T3>5.568048e-006</T3>
#       <T4>-3.897905e-008</T4>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.00000</Offset>
#       <T5>0.000000e+000</T5>
#       <AD590M>1.287890e-002</AD590M>
#       <AD590B>-8.813534e+000</AD590B>
#     </PressureSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="4" >
#     <!-- Frequency 3, Temperature, 2 -->
#     <TemperatureSensor SensorID="55" >
#       <SerialNumber>4213</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>05-Oct-2010 </CalibrationDate>
#       <UseG_J>1</UseG_J>
#       <A>4.37531885e-003</A>
#       <B>6.48275404e-004</B>
#       <C>2.25444747e-005</C>
#       <D>1.77570523e-006</D>
#       <F0_Old>1000.000</F0_Old>
#       <G>4.37511470e-003</G>
#       <H>6.48061103e-004</H>
#       <I>2.25114734e-005</I>
#       <J>1.77417516e-006</J>
#       <F0>1000.000</F0>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.0000</Offset>
#     </TemperatureSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="5" >
#     <!-- Frequency 4, Conductivity, 2 -->
#     <ConductivitySensor SensorID="3" >
#       <SerialNumber>2819</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>21-Sep-10 </CalibrationDate>
#       <UseG_J>1</UseG_J>
#       <!-- Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors. -->
#       <SeriesR>0.0000</SeriesR>
#       <CellConst>2000.0000</CellConst>
#       <ConductivityType>0</ConductivityType>
#       <Coefficients equation="0" >
#         <A>0.00000000e+000</A>
#         <B>0.00000000e+000</B>
#         <C>0.00000000e+000</C>
#         <D>0.00000000e+000</D>
#         <M>0.0</M>
#         <CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor>
#       </Coefficients>
#       <Coefficients equation="1" >
#         <G>-1.03781454e+001</G>
#         <H>1.46070728e+000</H>
#         <I>-2.96284306e-003</I>
#         <J>2.92833553e-004</J>
#         <CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor>
#         <CTcor>3.2500e-006</CTcor>
#         <!-- WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1. -->
#         <WBOTC>0.00000000e+000</WBOTC>
#       </Coefficients>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.00000</Offset>
#     </ConductivitySensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="6" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 0, Fluorometer, Seapoint -->
#     <FluoroSeapointSensor SensorID="11" >
#       <SerialNumber>SCF3004</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate></CalibrationDate>
#       <!-- The following is an array index, not the actual gain setting. -->
#       <GainSetting>2</GainSetting>
#       <Offset>0.000</Offset>
#     </FluoroSeapointSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="7" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 1, PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor -->
#     <PAR_BiosphericalLicorChelseaSensor SensorID="42" >
#       <SerialNumber>4644</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>Sept 29, 2009</CalibrationDate>
#       <M>1.00000000</M>
#       <B>0.00000000</B>
#       <CalibrationConstant>2604166666.67000010</CalibrationConstant>
#       <Multiplier>1.00000000</Multiplier>
#       <Offset>-0.54550000</Offset>
#     </PAR_BiosphericalLicorChelseaSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="8" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 2, Transmissometer, Chelsea/Seatech/WET Lab CStar -->
#     <TransChelseaSeatechWetlabCStarSensor SensorID="59" >
#       <SerialNumber>CST1119DR</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>1 May 2008</CalibrationDate>
#       <M>18.9700</M>
#       <B>-1.1570</B>
#       <PathLength>0.250</PathLength>
#     </TransChelseaSeatechWetlabCStarSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="9" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 3, Free -->
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="10" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 4, Altimeter -->
#     <AltimeterSensor SensorID="0" >
#       <SerialNumber>1183</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate></CalibrationDate>
#       <ScaleFactor>15.000</ScaleFactor>
#       <Offset>0.000</Offset>
#     </AltimeterSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="11" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 5, Free -->
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="12" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 6, Oxygen, SBE 43 -->
#     <OxygenSensor SensorID="38" >
#       <SerialNumber>1138</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>24-Mar-10p</CalibrationDate>
#       <Use2007Equation>1</Use2007Equation>
#       <CalibrationCoefficients equation="0" >
#         <!-- Coefficients for Owens-Millard equation. -->
#         <Boc>0.0000</Boc>
#         <Soc>0.0000e+000</Soc>
#         <offset>0.0000</offset>
#         <Pcor>0.00e+000</Pcor>
#         <Tcor>0.0000</Tcor>
#         <Tau>0.0</Tau>
#       </CalibrationCoefficients>
#       <CalibrationCoefficients equation="1" >
#         <!-- Coefficients for Sea-Bird equation - SBE calibration in 2007 and later. -->
#         <Soc>4.7960e-001</Soc>
#         <offset>-0.5235</offset>
#         <A>-3.0266e-003</A>
#         <B> 1.0957e-004</B>
#         <C>-1.9445e-006</C>
#         <D0> 2.5826e+000</D0>
#         <D1> 1.92630e-004</D1>
#         <D2>-4.64800e-002</D2>
#         <E> 3.6000e-002</E>
#         <Tau20> 2.0900</Tau20>
#         <H1>-3.3000e-002</H1>
#         <H2> 5.0000e+003</H2>
#         <H3> 1.4500e+003</H3>
#       </CalibrationCoefficients>
#     </OxygenSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="13" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 7, Free -->
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="14" >
#     <!-- SPAR voltage, Unavailable -->
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="15" >
#     <!-- SPAR voltage, SPAR/Surface Irradiance -->
#     <SPAR_Sensor SensorID="51" >
#       <SerialNumber>6369</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate></CalibrationDate>
#       <ConversionFactor>1831.50000000</ConversionFactor>
#       <RatioMultiplier>1.00000000</RatioMultiplier>
#     </SPAR_Sensor>
#   </sensor>
# </Sensors>
# datcnv_date = Mar 23 2011 13:58:48, 7.21c
# datcnv_in = c:\mv1101\ctd\09401.hex c:\mv1101\ctd\00101.xmlcon
# datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes
# datcnv_ox_tau_correction = yes
# datcnv_bottle_scan_range_source = scans marked with bottle confirm bit, 0, 2
# datcnv_scans_per_bottle = 49
# bottlesum_date = Mar 23 2011 14:51:35, 7.21c
# bottlesum_in = c:\mv1101\ctd\09401.ros C:\mv1101\ctd\00101.XMLCON c:\mv1101\ctd\09401.BL


Data Processing Description

BCO-DMO Processing Notes
- Awk written to reformat original .btl files contributed by Bruce Bowler
- AWK: CTDbtl_2_BCODMO_MV1101.awk
- Header data for CTD data generated from .btl file headers
- space delimited reformatted to tab delimited
- all records with "#" or "*" ignored
- blank lines ignored
- BCO-DMO header o/p from routine


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Data Files

File
CTD_BottleData_MV1101.csv
(Comma Separated Values (.csv), 432.55 KB)
MD5:699b565c2a5dc6c7f4bfdd7ed3ce16d0
Primary data file for dataset ID 474068

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Parameters

ParameterDescriptionUnits
DataFile

CTD .btl Data File

text
Date

Date (UTC)

YYYYMMDD
Time

Time (UTC)

HHMMSS
Event

Event

dimensionless
Station

Station Number

dimensionless
Cast

Cast Number

dimensionless
Lat

Station Latitude Position (South is negative)

decimal degrees
Lon

Station Longitude Position (West is negative)

decimal degrees
Bottle_Position

Bottle Position

dimensionless
Date_Bottle

Date Bottle (UTC)

YYYYMMDD
Time_Bottle

Time Bottle (UTC)

HHMMSS
Density00_avg

Density density avg

Kg/m^3
Density11_avg

Density 2 density avg

Kg/m^3
Bat_avg

Beam Attenuation Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar avg

1/m
Bat_sdev

Beam Attenuation Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar sdev

1/m
Xmiss_avg

Beam Transmission Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar avg

percentage
Xmiss_sdev

Beam Transmission Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar sdev

percentage
C0S_m_avg

Conductivity avg

S/m
C0S_m_sdev

Conductivity sdev

S/m
C1S_m_avg

Conductivity 2 avg

S/m
C1S_m_sdev

Conductivity 2 sdev

S/m
Sigma_e00_avg

Density sigma-theta avg

Kg/m^3
Sigma_e00_sdev

Density sigma-theta sdev

Kg/m^3
Sigma_e11_avg

Density 2 sigma-theta avg

Kg/m^3
Sigma_e11_sdev

Density 2 sigma-theta sdev

Kg/m^3
DepSM_avg

Depth salt water avg

m
DepSM_sdev

Depth salt water sdev

m
FlSP_avg

Fluorescence Seapoint avg

volts
FlSP_sdev

Fluorescence Seapoint sdev

volts
Latitude_avg

Latitude avg

decimal degrees
Latitude_sdev

Latitude sdev

decimal degrees
Longitude_avg

Longitude avg

decimal degrees
Longitude_sdev

Longitude sdev

decimal degrees
Sbeox0ML_L_avg

Oxygen SBE 43 avg

ml/l
Sbeox0ML_L_sdev

Oxygen SBE 43 sdev

ml/l
Par_avg

PAR/Irradiance Biospherical/Licor avg

uEinsteins/m2/s
Par_sdev

PAR/Irradiance Biospherical/Licor sdev

uEinsteins/m2/s
PrDM_avg

Pressure Digiquartz avg

db
PrDM_sdev

Pressure Digiquartz sdev

db
Sal00_avg

Salinity Practical avg

PSU
Sal00_sdev

Salinity Practical sdev

PSU
Sal11_avg

Salinity Practical 2 avg

PSU
Sal11_sdev

Salinity Practical 2 sdev

PSU
Spar_avg

SPAR/Surface Irradiance avg

uEinsteins/m2/s
Spar_sdev

SPAR/Surface Irradiance sdev

uEinsteins/m2/s
T090C_avg

Temperature ITS-90 avg

deg C
T090C_sdev

Temperature ITS-90 sdev

deg C
T068C_avg

Temperature ITS-68 avg

deg C
T068C_sdev

Temperature ITS-68 sdev

deg C
T190C_avg

Temperature 2 ITS-90 avg

deg C
T190C_sdev

Temperature 2 ITS-90 sdev

deg C
T168C_avg

Temperature 2 ITS-68 avg

deg C
T168C_sdev

Temperature 2 ITS-68 sdev

deg C
Scan_avg

Scan avg

dimensionless
Scan_sdev

Scan sdev

dimensionless
ISO_DateTime_UTC

Date and time (UTC) formatted to ISO 8601:2004(E) standard. The standard takes on the form:
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS[.xx]Z where the T indicates the start of the time string and Z indicates UTC (example: 2009-08-30T14:05:00.00Z)

YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS[.xx]Z


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Instruments

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
CTD SBE 911plus
Generic Instrument Name
CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus
Generic Instrument Description
The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Fluorometer - Seapoint
Generic Instrument Name
Fluorometer
Generic Instrument Description
A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. The instrument is designed to measure the amount of stimulated electromagnetic radiation produced by pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted into a water sample or in situ.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
LI-COR Biospherical PAR
Generic Instrument Name
LI-COR Biospherical PAR Sensor
Generic Instrument Description
The LI-COR Biospherical PAR Sensor is used to measure Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) in the water column. This instrument designation is used when specific make and model are not known.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Niskin bottle
Generic Instrument Name
Niskin bottle
Generic Instrument Description
A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
SBE-43 DO
Generic Instrument Name
Sea-Bird SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
Generic Instrument Description
The Sea-Bird SBE 43 dissolved oxygen sensor is a redesign of the Clark polarographic membrane type of dissolved oxygen sensors. more information from Sea-Bird Electronics

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
WL CSTAR Trans
Generic Instrument Name
WET Labs {Sea-Bird WETLabs} C-Star transmissometer
Generic Instrument Description
The C-Star transmissometer has a novel monolithic housing with a highly intgrated opto-electronic design to provide a low cost, compact solution for underwater measurements of beam transmittance. The C-Star is capable of free space measurements or flow-through sampling when used with a pump and optical flow tubes. The sensor can be used in profiling, moored, or underway applications. Available with a 6000 m depth rating. More information on Sea-Bird website: https://www.seabird.com/c-star-transmissometer/product?id=60762467717


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Deployments

MV1101

Website
Platform
R/V Melville
Start Date
2011-01-11
End Date
2011-02-16
Description
Original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog


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Project Information

The Great Southern Coccolithophore Belt (Great Calcite Belt)


Coverage: Southern Ocean. 60W to 120E; 30S to 60S;


Collaborative Research: The Great Southern Coccolithophore Belt

Intellectual merit: Recent advances in satellite remote sensing enable estimation of suspended calcium carbonate (particulate inorganic carbon or 'PIC') from space. This radiative approach is operationally specific to marine coccolithophores (Haptophyceae) and sensitive enough to quantify PIC concentrations in oligotrophic gyres. Global images of suspended PIC taken over the seven years of the MODIS Aqua mission show a 'Great Belt' of PIC near the sub-Antarctic front of the Southern Ocean that circles the globe. This feature occurs every year during austral summer and appears to be within the high-nutrient, low chlorophyll region of the Southern Ocean. The area of the Great Belt is ~88 million km2, 26% of the global ocean. Evidence from several cruises into the Great Belt region of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific sectors has verified elevated concentrations of coccolithophores; previous work in the Atlantic sector verified high optical scattering from PIC. The few ship observations we have are entirely consistent with the satellite views. In this project, the investigators will systematically study the coccolithophores of the Great Belt guided by the following science goals: (a) identify the coccolithophore species within this belt; (b) measure the abundance of coccolithophores and associated PIC; (c) measure coccolithopore calcification rates; (d) elucidate factors that may limit coccolithophore latitudinal range (e.g. stratification, temperature, macronutrients, trace metals, grazing); (e) demonstrate whether the variability in PIC relates to shallow export flux; (f) define how variability in PIC production relates to the pCO2, total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon budgets; and (g) examine the impact of short-term ocean acidification on coccolithophore growth and calcite dissolution.

The research will involve cruises along the 50 S parallel to sample the Great Belt, during the austral summer. The investigators will use a combination of underway surface sampling (primarily optical and hydrographic) and vertical station profiles (using CTD/rosette and large volume submersible pumps) to address hypotheses related to the above goals. The cruise track will elucidate both zonal and meridional variability in the Great Belt. Controlled carboy incubation experiments will examine the impact of ocean acidification at various future scenarios on coccolithophore growth and dissolution. Dilution experiments will address grazing-related mortality and dissolution questions. Controlled metal-addition incubations will focus on potential iron, zinc and cobalt limitation of the coccolithophores or competition from diatoms related to silica availability. The proposed field observations and metal-addition experiments will provide important information on the current status of the Great Belt in the context of global biogeochemistry. The ocean acidification experiments to be undertaken are more forward-looking in terms of the fate of the Southern Ocean coccolithophores in a future acidified ocean.

Broader impacts: The globally significant size of the Great Belt indicates that it likely plays a major role in global biogeochemistry and climate change feedbacks. Thus, the investigators expect this work to have broad, transformative impacts in biological and chemical oceanography. Ocean acidification from the burning of fossil fuels is predicted to lower the pH of the surface ocean by 0.3 units in the next century and up to 0.7 units - a 5-fold increase in the proton concentration by the year 2300. A major goal of this study is to examine the effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores in a region of low calcite saturation (i.e., one of the first regions expected to become sub-saturating for calcite). The results of these experiments will therefore be highly relevant to our basic understanding of the marine carbon cycle. Related to career development and Criterion II activities, the project includes field experience on two cruises for NSF REU undergraduates from Maine universities or colleges, providing funds for them to attend a scientific meeting. Participation of undergraduate students from Maine colleges builds capacity in our rural coastal state and helps thwart the serious issue of 'brain drain', in which the best students are leaving Maine to seek opportunity in wealthier, more populated states. A teacher will also participate on the cruises (via the NSF-sponsored ARMADA program). This teacher will develop learning modules for students about such topics as coccolithophores, calcification, export production, metal-plankton interactions, ocean acidification and climate change.

PUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH
Balch, WM; Drapeau, DT; Bowler, BC; Lyczskowski, E; Booth, ES; Alley, D. "The contribution of coccolithophores to the optical and inorganic carbon budgets during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: New evidence in support of the "Great Calcite Belt" hypothesis," JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, v.116, 2011. View record at Web of Science

Poulton, AJ; Young, JR; Bates, NR; Balch, WM. "Biometry of detached Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths along the Patagonian Shelf," MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES, v.443, 2011, p. 1. View record at Web of Science
 

BOOKS/ONE TIME PROCEEDING
Brown, Michael S, W. Balch, S. Craig, B. Bowler, D. Drapeau, J. Grant. "Optical closure within a Patagonian Shelf coccolithhophore bloom", 06/01/2011-05/31/2012,  2012, "ACCESS'12. Atlantic Canada Coastal & Estuarine Science Society. Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 10-13 May, 2012.".



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Funding

Funding SourceAward
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE)

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