Table of Contents

• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

CTD data from a series of one-day research cruises on the Choptank River (Chesapeake Bay, USA) during May to September of 2010 to 2012.

Each cruise took place on the R/V Terrapin, a 26-ft Parker with a 275 mercury outboard equipped with a davit, operated by UMCES. On each cruise, several sampling stations were occupied. A CTD cast was made at each station, and the downcast was used to measure water properties. The CTD equipped with a fluorometer, OBS, dissolved oxygen and PAR sensors. Using hoses attached to the CTD frame, bivalve larvae were collected from near bottom to the surface by moving the CTD up through the water column. Water samples were collected for chl-a pigment (using a syringe/filter apparatus) to calibrate the fluorometer and for total suspended solids (using a water bottle provided by Analytical Services).

CTD Processing:
The SBEDataProcessing package of SeasoftV2 software was used for CTD Processing.

CTD Processing Overview; 4 steps:
(1) Data Conversion – converts the raw hex data to engineering units;
(2) Align CTD – aligns the Oxygen Voltage data with an appropriate advance time;
(3) Bin Average – averages the variables over bins of the specified size;
(4) ASCII Out – creates text files that can be read by other programs.

For more details, see the CTD Metadata for the 2010-2012 TRANSPORT Mapping Cruises (PDF).

TSS and chl_a were calculated using the following equations:
2010 Data:
TSS May/June:          y = 1.3396x + 24.35 where x = OBS_NTU..
TSS July/Aug/Sept:   y = 1.6991x + 26.139 where x = OBS_NTU.
chl_a May/June:         y = 26.527x - 2.7618 where x = voltage (V4).
chl_a July/Aug/Sept:  y = 22.251x + 0.8101 where = voltage (V4).

2011 Data:
TSS May/June:          y = 1.5307x + 1.7239 where x = OBS_NTU.
TSS July/Aug/Sept:   y = 1.5087x + 4.6136 where x = OBS_NTU.
chl_a May/June:         y = 8.1264x + 5.8107 where x = voltage (V4).
chl_a July/Aug/Sept:  y = 12.328x + 0.3111 where x = voltage (V4).

2012 Data:
TSS May/June:          y = 1.5049x + 2.284 where x = OBS_NTU.
TSS July/Aug/Sept:   y = 1.2666x + 6.3753 where x = OBS_NTU.
chl_a May/June:         y = 10.387x + 0.315 where x = voltage (V4).
chl_a July/Aug/Sept:  y = 17.801x - 3.1581 where x = voltage (V4).

BCO-DMO Processing:
- Modified parameter names;
- Replaced '-9.99e-29' with 'nd' ('no data').

Additional information can be found at the TRANSPORT website: http://northweb.hpl.umces.edu/TRANSPORT/home.htm

Project description:
This coupled field-and-modeling research project is designed to address fundamental, cutting-edge questions that will significantly enhance our understanding of physical-biological interactions in planktonic organisms and quantify how pelagic life stages influence population dynamics. Technological advances in field methodology and numerical modeling will be integrated and applied to investigate and compare how circulation patterns, larval transport, sub-population connectivity, and population dynamics of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, respond to environmental variability and habitat alteration. This project will provide information that will significantly enhance the restoration and management of oysters.

Physical-biological interactions are an integral part of understanding fish, bivalve, and crustacean early-life history and the processes that affect inter-annual variability in their recruitment to reproducing populations. The combined modeling and field approach builds on existing state-of-the-art models, it applies a new technology that will significantly advance our ability to investigate in-situ bivalve larvae dynamics, and it will generate critical information about the early life of oysters (timing of spawning, larval behavior) that is necessary for enhancing our understanding and prediction of recruitment processes.

This research will also advance our understanding of population dynamics of organisms with a pelagic life stages by making quantitative links between larval transport and a full life-cycle model. In doing so, it will provide improved understanding of the inter-relationships between, and relative importance of, larval transport, the connectivity of different reef systems, and adult growth, mortality, and gamete production, and how these relationships are influenced by changes in physical conditions and habitat.

Although focused on the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, the ecological studies and comparisons will result in a significant enhancement in our understanding of the interactions between physical conditions and a suite of bivalve species. This program will benefit society by providing new insights and understanding that will enhance fisheries management capabilities. The numerical tools developed will have the resolution appropriate for helping to guide oyster restoration programs, locate optimal sanctuaries (i.e., marine protected areas), and inform spatial management of oyster harvest. Although the quantitative tools and information generated will directly support oyster management and restoration activities of state and federal partners in Chesapeake Bay, the findings and tools developed in this project will be applicable to many other systems where bivalves comprise an important component of commercial and recreational fisheries. A PhD graduate student will be trained in field and numerical modeling research in this coupled field-and-modeling program. In addition to gaining a solid foundation in a cutting-edge field, the student will have the opportunity to develop science communication skills and interact with management agency representatives.

Publications Produced as a Result of this Research:

Gallego, A., E.W. North and E.D. Houde. 2012. Understanding and quantifying mortality in pelagic, early life stages of marine organisms — Old challenges and new perspectives. Journal of Marine Systems 93: 1-3.

Goodwin, J. D., and E.W. North. In prep. Identifying factors that influence the swimming behavior of Crassostrea virginica larvae in Choptank River and calculating their mortality.

Goodwin, J. D., E. W. North, and C. M. Thompson. 2014. Evaluating and improving a semi-automated image analysis technique for identifying bivalve larvae. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 12: 548-562. DOI: 10.4319/lom.2014.12.548

Goodwin, J. D., E. W. North, and V. S. Kennedy. 2016. Identification of eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica larvae using polarized light microscopy in a mesohaline region of Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Shellfish Research 35(1): 157-168.

Goodwin, J. D., E. W. North, C. M. Thompson, I. Mitchell and H.M McFadden. In press.  Improving a semi-automated classification technique for bivalve larvae: automated image acquisition and measures of quality control. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods.

North, E. W., D. M. King, J. Xu, R. R. Hood, R. I. E. Newell, K. T. Paynter, M. L. Kellogg, M. K. Liddel, and D. F. Boesch. 2010. Linking optimization and ecological models in a decision support tool for oyster restoration and management. Ecological Applications 20(3): 851–866.

Spires, J. E., E. W. North, and W. Long. In prep. The influence of salinity-induced mortality on larval transport between eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs in an oligohaline estuary: model simulations and implications for restoration. Estuaries and Coasts.

Thompson, C. M., E. W. North, V. S. Kennedy, and S. N. White. 2015. Classifying bivalve larvae using shell pigments identified by Raman spectra. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407:3591-3604, DOI 10.1007/s00216-015-8575-8

Thompson, C.M., E.W. North, S.N. White, and S.M. Gallager. 2014. An analysis of bivalve larval shell pigments using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 45(5):349-358

Dissertations and Theses:

Goodwin, J. D. 2015. Integrating automated imaging and a novel identification technique to estimate mortality and factors that determine the vertical distribution of Crassostrea virginica larvae. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Maryland College Park and the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.

Spires, J. E. The exchange of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) larvae between subpopulations in the Chotpank and Little Choptank Rivers: model simulations, the influence of salinity, and implications for restoration. Master of Science Thesis, University of Maryland College Park and Center for Environmental Science, 79 pp.

Books and One-Time Proceedings:

Anthony, Z. 2014. Optimal microscope and camera settings for counting and identifying copepods (Acartia tonsa) using a newly developed semi-automated image analysis technology. Undergraduate Research Report. 14 pp.

Hinson, K. I., E.W. North, and C.M. Thompson. 2011. New technologies to support shellfish restoration. Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) final report.

Mitchell, I. 2013. Updates in LTRANS v.2b. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory. Cambridge, MD. 2 pp.

North, E. W. 2010. Q&A: Elizabeth North. 10/01/2009-09/30/2010, ICES Insight, September 2010, vol. 47, p. 43-44.

Schlag, Z. R., and E. W. North. 2012. Lagrangian TRANSport model (LTRANS v.2) User’s Guide. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory. Cambridge, MD. 183 pp.