Culturing conditions:

Cultures of E. huxleyi StrainNCMA 2668 and 374 were innoculated at low cell density into media prepared from autoclaved filtered seawater with f/50 nutrient ammendment. Cell populations were allowed to acclimate for approximately five generations, until cell density neared levels likely to significantly change the pH/pCO2. Daily dilutions of cultures with pre-equilibrated media kept cell density low (<1x105 cells/ml), ensured cells remained in exponential growth phase and prevented excessive drawdown of nutrients and CO2. Cell density was determined by flow cytometry (model described below) and each flask was diluted with media that was continuously sparged with air containing 400, 750 or 1000 ppm CO2. Air mixtures were created using CO2 free air (Powerex air compressor, and Twin Towers CO2 scrubber) and pure CO2 (Airgas) combined using a system of mass flow controllers (Sierra Instruments) and verified using a non-dispersive infrared CO2 sensor (Licor 820). Cultures were maintained in 1 liter polycarbonate flasks at 15°C under a 12/12 light dark cycle. Replicates (n=5) were placed in Plexiglas chambers which were supplied with a flow of the appropriate air mixture for each treatment. Preliminary experiments showed that gas exchange across the air/water surface significantly helped to maintain the target pCO2 in cultures without the mechanical disturbance of bubbling. Sedimentation was minimized by gentle mixing of the cultures by rotation of the bottles twice a day, during sampling and dilution. Cell densities ranged between about 30,000 cells/ml after dilutions to 80,000 cells/ml on the following day. The culture volume that was removed was used for analyses, and replaced with pre-equilibrated media. Cultures were maintianed in this fashion for 14 days. This experiment was carried out twice, in 2011 and 2012.

CO2 chemistry:

pCO2 throughout the course of the experiment was calculated using CO2sys program, with pH and total alkalinity as variables and using Millero constants. pH was measured using a Metrohm 888 Titrando with a Metrohm Ecotrode combined electrode calibrated with TRIS and AMP buffers on the total H+ ion pH scale.

Total alkalinity was measured with a Metrohm 888 Titrando with seawater buffers prepared by combining prepared sea salts and HCl with 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol and 2-aminopyridine.

Intrinsic growth rate:

Daily cell counts were made using a BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer. Manual counts were done on select samples using a hemocytometer. Manual counts were consistently within 5% of flow cytometry counts. Intrinsic growth rate was calculated using exponential growth equation.

Additional results:
Stats testing differences in growth between strains: ANOVA

Cell size:

Live cells were imaged using an Olympus CH30 compound microscope networked to a Photometric CoolSNAP camera. Cell diameter was measured using ImageJ software, and cell volume was calculated using standard geometric equations.

Cellular chlorophyll a:

Chlorophyll a samples were extracted for 24 h in acetone under -20 °C. Chlorophyll a was measured using a Turner Designs 10-AU fluorometer. The acidifying equations of Parsons were used to convert raw fluorescence into chlorophyll a concentration.

Cellular carbon and nitrogen:

Samples for cellular particulate carbon and nitrogen were analyzed using a CE Elantech Flash EA 1112 elemental analyzer. In all analysis blanks were run, and internal standards were inserted between samples, and remained within 1% of standard curve. For the calcifying strain (2668), samples were acid fumed for 24 h to drive off PIC. Values of organic carbon were subtracted from total carbon to yield cellular particulate inorganic carbon.

Cellular particulate DMSP:

A Shimadzu GC-14A gas chromatograph was used to measure cellular particulate DMSP. Standards were prepared using DMSP Cl.