Contributors | Affiliation | Role |
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Balch, William M. | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | Principal Investigator, Contact |
Gegg, Stephen R. | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) | BCO-DMO Data Manager |
Discrete Samples from CTD Casts
Nutrients, Chlorophyll, Phaeopigments, POC, PIC, PON and cell count data from CTD casts
Nutrients were processed by Scripps Science team, using their standard protocols. “Top bottle” chlorophylls were done in triplicate; deeper bottles were done as single samples. Samples with a Niskin number of -999 were samples taken from the ships non-contaminated seawater system, but were done while on station for casts where no bottles were tripped.
Nutrients were processed by Scripps Science team, using their standard protocols. “Top bottle” chlorophylls were done in triplicate; deeper bottles were done as single samples. Samples with a Niskin number of -999 were samples taken from the ships non-contaminated seawater system, but were done while on station for casts where no bottles were tripped.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes
- Generated from original files "MV1101 discrete samples.csv" and "RR1202 discrete samples.csv" contributed by Bruce Bowler
- Parameter names modified to conform to BCO-DMO convention
- ISO formatted date/time added
- data reported to number of decimal places as appropriate
File |
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CTD_DISCRETE_SAMPLES.csv (Comma Separated Values (.csv), 300.51 KB) MD5:3a196dc76d1a03ee0114ef2e5ec0e8da Primary data file for dataset ID 560357 |
Parameter | Description | Units |
CruiseId | Official UNOLS cruise id | text |
Station | Station Number | dimensionless |
ISO_DateTime_UTC | ISO Date Time UTC | iso_format |
date | date | YYYYMMDD |
time | time | HHMMSS |
Longitude | Station longitude (West is negative) | decimal degrees |
Latitude | Station latitude (South is negative) | decimal degrees |
cast | Cast Number | integer |
Niskin_No | Niskin Bottle Number Samples with a Niskin number of -999 were samples taken from the ships non-contaminated seawater system. | integer |
Depth | Sample depth | meters |
CTD_Oxygen | CTD Oxygen | mL L^-1 |
CTD_Fluorescence | CTD Fluorescence | volts |
CTD_Transmittance | CTD Transmittance | percentage |
CTD_Beam_C_Attenuation | CTD Beam C Attenuation | M^-1 |
CTD_PAR | CTD PAR | uEinstein/m2/Sec |
Dissolved_O2 | Dissolved O2 | mL L^-1 |
SIL | SIL | umol L^-1 |
NO3 | NO3 | umol L^-1 |
NO2 | NO2 | umol L^-1 |
PO4 | PO4 | umol L^-1 |
NH4 | NH4 | umol L^-1 |
Avg_Corr_Chl_a | Avg Corr Chl a | ug L^-1 |
Avg_Corr_Phaeo | Avg Corr Phaeo | ug L^-1 |
Avg_Corr_Chl_a_plus_Phaeo | Avg Corr Chl a + Phaeo | ug L^-1 |
Bsi | Bsi | umol L^-1 |
POC | POC | ug L^-1 |
PON | PON | ug L^-1 |
PIC | PIC | ug L^-1 |
Quadruple_Lith | the number of whole birefringent plates from coccolithophorids observed with optical microscopy | ML^-1 |
Cell_plus_Agg | the number of birefringent plated cells and aggregates observed with optical microscopy | mL^-1 |
Dataset-specific Instrument Name | CTD Sea-Bird 911 |
Generic Instrument Name | CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus |
Generic Instrument Description | The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics |
Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Niskin Bottle |
Generic Instrument Name | Niskin bottle |
Generic Instrument Description | A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc. |
Website | |
Platform | R/V Melville |
Start Date | 2011-01-11 |
End Date | 2011-02-16 |
Description | Original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog |
Website | |
Platform | R/V Roger Revelle |
Start Date | 2012-02-18 |
End Date | 2012-03-23 |
Description | Original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog |
Collaborative Research: The Great Southern Coccolithophore Belt
Intellectual merit: Recent advances in satellite remote sensing enable estimation of suspended calcium carbonate (particulate inorganic carbon or 'PIC') from space. This radiative approach is operationally specific to marine coccolithophores (Haptophyceae) and sensitive enough to quantify PIC concentrations in oligotrophic gyres. Global images of suspended PIC taken over the seven years of the MODIS Aqua mission show a 'Great Belt' of PIC near the sub-Antarctic front of the Southern Ocean that circles the globe. This feature occurs every year during austral summer and appears to be within the high-nutrient, low chlorophyll region of the Southern Ocean. The area of the Great Belt is ~88 million km2, 26% of the global ocean. Evidence from several cruises into the Great Belt region of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific sectors has verified elevated concentrations of coccolithophores; previous work in the Atlantic sector verified high optical scattering from PIC. The few ship observations we have are entirely consistent with the satellite views. In this project, the investigators will systematically study the coccolithophores of the Great Belt guided by the following science goals: (a) identify the coccolithophore species within this belt; (b) measure the abundance of coccolithophores and associated PIC; (c) measure coccolithopore calcification rates; (d) elucidate factors that may limit coccolithophore latitudinal range (e.g. stratification, temperature, macronutrients, trace metals, grazing); (e) demonstrate whether the variability in PIC relates to shallow export flux; (f) define how variability in PIC production relates to the pCO2, total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon budgets; and (g) examine the impact of short-term ocean acidification on coccolithophore growth and calcite dissolution.
The research will involve cruises along the 50 S parallel to sample the Great Belt, during the austral summer. The investigators will use a combination of underway surface sampling (primarily optical and hydrographic) and vertical station profiles (using CTD/rosette and large volume submersible pumps) to address hypotheses related to the above goals. The cruise track will elucidate both zonal and meridional variability in the Great Belt. Controlled carboy incubation experiments will examine the impact of ocean acidification at various future scenarios on coccolithophore growth and dissolution. Dilution experiments will address grazing-related mortality and dissolution questions. Controlled metal-addition incubations will focus on potential iron, zinc and cobalt limitation of the coccolithophores or competition from diatoms related to silica availability. The proposed field observations and metal-addition experiments will provide important information on the current status of the Great Belt in the context of global biogeochemistry. The ocean acidification experiments to be undertaken are more forward-looking in terms of the fate of the Southern Ocean coccolithophores in a future acidified ocean.
Broader impacts: The globally significant size of the Great Belt indicates that it likely plays a major role in global biogeochemistry and climate change feedbacks. Thus, the investigators expect this work to have broad, transformative impacts in biological and chemical oceanography. Ocean acidification from the burning of fossil fuels is predicted to lower the pH of the surface ocean by 0.3 units in the next century and up to 0.7 units - a 5-fold increase in the proton concentration by the year 2300. A major goal of this study is to examine the effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores in a region of low calcite saturation (i.e., one of the first regions expected to become sub-saturating for calcite). The results of these experiments will therefore be highly relevant to our basic understanding of the marine carbon cycle. Related to career development and Criterion II activities, the project includes field experience on two cruises for NSF REU undergraduates from Maine universities or colleges, providing funds for them to attend a scientific meeting. Participation of undergraduate students from Maine colleges builds capacity in our rural coastal state and helps thwart the serious issue of 'brain drain', in which the best students are leaving Maine to seek opportunity in wealthier, more populated states. A teacher will also participate on the cruises (via the NSF-sponsored ARMADA program). This teacher will develop learning modules for students about such topics as coccolithophores, calcification, export production, metal-plankton interactions, ocean acidification and climate change.
PUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH
Balch, WM; Drapeau, DT; Bowler, BC; Lyczskowski, E; Booth, ES; Alley, D. "The contribution of coccolithophores to the optical and inorganic carbon budgets during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: New evidence in support of the "Great Calcite Belt" hypothesis," JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, v.116, 2011. View record at Web of Science
Poulton, AJ; Young, JR; Bates, NR; Balch, WM. "Biometry of detached Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths along the Patagonian Shelf," MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES, v.443, 2011, p. 1. View record at Web of Science
BOOKS/ONE TIME PROCEEDING
Brown, Michael S, W. Balch, S. Craig, B. Bowler, D. Drapeau, J. Grant. "Optical closure within a Patagonian Shelf coccolithhophore bloom", 06/01/2011-05/31/2012, 2012, "ACCESS'12. Atlantic Canada Coastal & Estuarine Science Society. Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 10-13 May, 2012.".
Funding Source | Award |
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NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) |