Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Publications
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

Chlorophyll-a data from study of sponge disease transmission. Temporal changes in biochemical, physiological and microbiological associations in the Aplysina cauliformis holobiont over the course of transmission of Aplysina Red Band Disease (ARBS) were investigated in two experiments, one performed in July and one performed in January.

Related datasets:
Sponge Disease Transmission - Secondary Metabolites
Sponge Disease Transmission - HSP70
Sponge Disease Transmission - Total Protein Sponge Disease Transmission - T-REX

Temporal changes in biochemical, physiological and microbiological associations in the Aplysina cauliformis holobiont over the course of transmission of Aplysina Red Band Disease (ARBS) were investigated in two experiments, one performed in July and one performed in January In both experiments, healthy and ARBS-affected sponges (n = 21-24 of each) were marked in situ at North Norman’s reef in the Exuma Cays, Bahamas. Healthy sponges were collected, labeled and a subsample (10 cm) was removed into an individual resealable plastic bag underwater to serve as an "initial" sample. The remainder of each of these healthy sponges was randomly attached to either a healthy in situ sample or to the active red band on a diseased in situ sample using a cable tie. In July, randomly selected pairs of healthy-healthy and healthy-diseased sponges were collected on days 3, 6 and 9 to provide "final" samples. In January, randomly selected pairs of each type were collected on days 1, 3 and 9. Following final collection, all pairs were separated in the lab, and photographs were taken to confirm whether ARBS transmission had occurred.

Following collection of initial and final samples, the sponges were subsampled for several analyses. Only sections of healthy tissue were used, even from the ARBS-affected sponges (Gochfeld et al. 2012, Marine Ecology Progress Series; Gochfeld et al. 2012, Journal of Chemical Ecology; Olson et al. 2014). Subsamples were collected for measurement of chlorophyll a, total protein, secondary metabolite profiles, and microbial community analysis. In addition, in January, subsamples were also collected for heat shock protein 70 expression analysis.

Analytical methods followed those of Gochfeld et al. (2012, Marine Ecology Progress Series) for chlorophyll a and total protein, and Olson et al. (2014) for microbial community assemblages. Secondary metabolite profiles used similar methods to those described in Gochfeld et al. (2012, Journal of Chemical Ecology) except that the samples were extracted three times in methanol prior to generating chemical profiles using HPLC. Areas under the curve for peaks that were consistently found in either in situ healthy and/or in situ diseased sponges were quantified. Heat shock protein 70 expression analysis was performed following methods in Sarkis et al. (2005).

Chlorophyll-a and protein concentrations, areas under the curve of secondary metabolite peaks, and HSP70 band intensity from healthy sponges attached to either healthy or diseased in situ sponges were compared using repeated measures ANCOVA, with time (initial vs. final) and treatment (attached to a healthy or diseased sponge) as the main factors, and the number of days of attachment (3, 6, 9 in July; 1, 3, 9 in January) as the covariate. For the in situ sponges from which only final samples were collected, parameters were compared using a one-way ANCOVA with treatment (initially healthy or diseased) as the main factor and day collected (equivalent to number of days of attachment: 3, 6, 9 in July; 1, 3, 9 in January) as the covariate. Microbial community assemblage data were analyzed using T-REX and PRIMER, as described in Olson et al. (2014).

BCO-DMO Processing:
- Reorganized data into one table (rather than 2);
- Added "sample_type" column;
- Added location information provided on metadata form, converted lat/lon to decimal degrees,
- 2018-Nov-14: removed embargo on dataset.

Description from NSF award abstract:
Diseases of marine invertebrates have been shown to be primary causes of the accelerating destruction of Caribbean coral reef systems. Diseases affecting natural populations threaten biodiversity, resilience and the ecological balance of communities, as well as the ecosystem services they provide. To date, most studies of diseases on reefs have focused on corals, however, reports of sponge diseases have also increased across the globe. On Caribbean reefs, sponges are often a dominant component of the reef biomass,and thus play an important role in the ecology of these ecosystems. The most well described disease affecting Caribbean sponges is Aplysina Red Band Syndrome (ARBS), which affects sponges of the genus Aplysina, resulting in reduced growth, tissue necrosis and breakage at the site of the lesion, particularly during storm events. Understanding how diseases emerge and are transmitted within marine ecosystems is critical for maintaining a healthy level of biodiversity, particularly if we are to gain any predictive power in a rapidly-changing environment. Testing models of disease transmission using extensive field observations and laboratory analyses will contribute to a better understanding of disease processes and developing a transmission model for ARBS requires detailed knowledge about the pathogen-host interaction and pathogen reservoirs in the environment. While a large body of information regarding the ecology and physiology of ARBS-infected sponges is available it is recognized that modeling the transmission dynamics requires a more focused and collaborative approach. This project will develop and test a model of marine disease processes that includes the role of polymicrobial infections, sources and sinks of the pathogen(s), and the ontogeny of this disease within a model host sponge species (Aplysina cauliformis).

This novel approach is a high-risk venture (i.e., a timely idea lacking requisite results) with high pay-off potential (i.e., the results will fundamentally enhance our understanding of disease transmission within marine sponges). In this respect, the proposal is appropriate for EAGER funding. The principal investigators will use modern techniques such as high throughput sequencing and incorporate these approaches as a new tools in their laboratories as well as in their undergraduate and graduate courses. Graduate and undergraduate students will also be provided with multidisciplinary hands-on research experiences and will participate in sponge disease surveys to test the newly developed transmission model. Public seminars will be presented to discuss the implications of marine diseases coral reefs and to highlight the potential utility of disease models for the effective management of marine resources. Results from the proposed research will further our knowledge of disease transmission dynamics and enhance our understanding of the role of diseases in the ecology of coral reef ecosystems.

Selected publications related to this research:
Olson JB, Thacker RW, Gochfeld DJ (2014) Molecular community profiling reveals impacts of time, space, and disease status on the bacterial community associated with the Caribbean sponge Aplysina cauliformis. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 87:268-279. doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12222

Easson CG, Slattery M, Momm HG, Olson JB, Thacker RW, Gochfeld DJ (2013) Exploring individual- to population-level impacts of disease on coral reef sponges: using spatial analysis to assess the fate, dynamics, and transmission of Aplysina Red Band Syndrome (ARBS).  PLoS One 8(11): e79976. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079976

Gochfeld DJ, Easson CG, Freeman CJ, Thacker RW, Olson JB (2012) Disease and nutrient enrichment as potential stressors on the Caribbean sponge Aplysina cauliformis and its bacterial symbionts.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 456:101-111. doi:10.3354/meps09716

Gochfeld DJ, Kamel HN, Olson JB, Thacker RW (2012) Trade-offs in defensive metabolite production but not ecological function in healthy and diseased sponges.  Journal of Chemical Ecology 38:451-462. doi:10.1007/s10886-012-0099-5

Gochfeld DJ, Schlöder C, Thacker RW (2007) Sponge Community Structure and Disease Prevalence on coral reefs in Bocas del Toro, Panama.  In: Custódio MR, Lõbo-Hajdu G, Hajdu E, Muricy G (eds)  Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation, and Sustainability. Série Livros 28. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Pp 335-343. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10088/12017

Olson J, Gochfeld D, Slattery M (2006) Aplysina red band syndrome: a new threat to Caribbean sponges.  Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 71:163-168. doi:10.3354/dao071163