Coral tissue growth or loss analyses:
At the beginning of the experiment, we mapped each coral colony in the experimental plots that were >2 cm in diameter and took close-up photographs of these corals in situ. Subsequently, we photographed each of these corals every ∼16 weeks throughout the experiment for a photographic record of changes in coral colony health. In each picture a ruler or object of known size was placed next to the coral to provide scale. In total, we tracked the fate of 226 individual corals spread across each of the treatments for over 3 years. The most common corals were Porites porites (41.1 % of corals), Agaricia spp. (17.7 % of corals), Siderastrea siderea (15.5 % of corals) and P. astreoides (11.5 % of corals).

These corals allowed us to evaluate the impact of the different treatments on coral growth or tissue loss across the time course of the experiment. We scored growth or tissue loss on a 12-point scale, with bins corresponding to amounts of tissue loss that could be readily observed in photographs (for example, −2=10–25% tissue loss). We scored the tissue loss or gain of each coral over the course of the experiment on the following scale: −6=100% tissue loss, −5=75–90% loss, −4=50–75% loss, −3=25–50% loss, −2=10–25% loss, −1=0–10% loss, 0=0% loss/gain, 1=0–10% gain, 2=10–25% gain, 3=25–50% gain, 4=50–75% gain, 5=75–90% gain and 6>100% gain. We then converted these scores to mean loss/gain by averaging the range corresponding to that score. For example, a coral with a −3 score would be converted to a −37% tissue loss value. Only nine corals grew >100% (score=6) over the course of the experiment. For these corals, we estimated the growth for each coral at 100–500% at 50% intervals (for example, 100, 150, 200% and so on). Statistical analyses were conducted based on the raw tissue gain/loss scores, but converted to percentages in the presentation for ease of interpretation. Further, at each time point we scored each coral for: (1) algal competition as measured by direct contact with algal competitors (and the identification of that algal competitor), (2) the presence of overlying sediment on the coral, (3) predation scars from parrotfishes and invertebrate corallivores (only the former were observed at appreciable levels), and (4) signs of bleaching or disease. The primary coral disease observed was DSS (see ref. 52 for additional discussion). (Zaneveld, 2016)

S5a_coral_mort.csv