Silicon uptake rates from samples collected during the R/V Point Sur cruise PS1312 along the Central California coast from June to July of 2013 (Diatom Group Si Prod project)

Website: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/701575
Version:
Version Date: 2018-03-12

Project
» Group-Specific Diatom Silica Production in a Coastal Upwelling System (Diatom Group Si Prod)
ContributorsAffiliationRole
Krause, Jeffrey W.Dauphin Island Sea Lab (DISL)Principal Investigator
Brzezinski, Mark A.University of California-Santa Barbara (UCSB)Scientist
York, Amber D.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager


Coverage

Spatial Extent: N:36.778 E:-121.981 S:36.778 W:-123.633
Temporal Extent: 2013-07-01 - 2013-07-05

Dataset Description

This dataset includes kinetic experiments, using 32Si and PDMPO, to determine the degree of Si uptake limitation by ambient silicic acid.  The data include total silicic acid, gross silica production, and biomass-normalized measurements, concentrations of phosphate, nitrate+nitritie, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, and CTD measurements (e.g. temperature, salinity).

PDMPO = 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-((4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl)methoxy)phenyl)oxazole


Methods & Sampling

Multiple hydrocasts conducted at stations denoted in the bottle file meta data.  A SeaBird CTD was used with redundant sensors for temperature and conductivity; the instrument package was owned and operated by the R/V Point Sur (Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California).  All hydrocast data was processed to1-m bins.  Prior to the cruise, the transmissometer was not calibrated and many data anomalies were observed; therefore, these data are suspect and not reported with the bottle data. 

Samples were collected in the euphotic zone, or just below, to a maximum of ~60 m.  Water was filtered (0.6 um pore size) for dissolved inorganic nutrient analysis (N+N, SRP, Si(OH)4), and analyzed at the University of California Santa Barbara Marine Science Institute’s Analytical Laboratory using flow injection techniques on a QuickChem 8000 analyzer (Lachat Instruments Division, Zellweger Analytics) as described in Brzezinski and Washburn (2011).  Chlorophyll a was also quantified using the protocol followed in Brzezinski and Washburn (2011).  ~175 – 350 mL of seawater was filtered through a 0.45 um-pore 47mm diameter HAWP Millipore filter, immediately frozen until analysis on shore (<2 weeks) via extracting with 90% acetone for 24 hours at -20C and quantification of fluorescence on a calibrated Turner Designs 10AU fluorometer with and without acidification.  For biogenic silica analysis, 630 mL of seawater was filtered through a 1.2 um-pore polycarbonate filter (47 mm diameter) and frozen immediately.  On shore, filters were dried and analyzed using a NaOH digestion in Teflon tubes which provide low and stable blank values (Krause et al., 2009). 

For the cruise, three kinetic experiments were set up by filling eight 250-mL bottles and adding increasing enrichments of Si(OH)4 (to create a gradient from ambient to +20 uM).  The rate of biogenic silica production in both size classes was measured using the radioisotope tracer 32Si with high specific activity (>40 kBq µmol/Si) as described in Krause et al. (2012).  After incubation, samples were processed immediately as described in Krause et al. (2011).  For PDMPO uptake, 48 uL of dye was added to each 250 mL bottle (e.g. 12-hr, 24-hr, ambient or enriched Si(OH)4 ) and incubated in the same conditions as the 32Si samples.  After incubation, samples were processed as in McNair et al. (2015) to quantify the bulk PDMPO uptake.  

Note: no ionophore rinse was used during the DYEatom cruise, this was added later in the McNair et al. (2015) protocol.


Data Processing Description

BCO-DMO Data Manager Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* blank values replaced with no data value 'nd'
* added minus sign to longitudes
* -999 changed to "nd"
* SEQ_NUM(CAST) added so it can be matched with CTD bottle and profile data
* added ISO_DateTime_UTC
* changed cruise value from DYEatom to PS13-12 to be consistent with CTD files
* params starting 32Si changed to Si32 due to unsupported names with leading number.
* data version 2018-03-12 replaces version 2017-08-17.  In data version 2018-03-12 the following data parameters were added: Total_SiOH4, Si32_Rho, Si32_Vb, PDMPO_Rho


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Data Files

File
Si_Kinetics.csv
(Comma Separated Values (.csv), 7.20 KB)
MD5:e952db6154e20bdcc2524499da1938ac
Primary data file for dataset ID 701575

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Related Publications

Brzezinski, M. A., & Washburn, L. (2011). Phytoplankton primary productivity in the Santa Barbara Channel: Effects of wind-driven upwelling and mesoscale eddies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(C12). doi:10.1029/2011jc007397 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007397
Methods
Krause, J. W., Brzezinski, M. A., & Jones, J. L. (2011). Application of low-level beta counting of 32Si for the measurement of silica production rates in aquatic environments. Marine Chemistry, 127(1-4), 40–47. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2011.07.001
Methods
Krause, J. W., Brzezinski, M. A., Villareal, T. A., & Wilson, C. (2012). Increased kinetic efficiency for silicic acid uptake as a driver of summer diatom blooms in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Limnology and Oceanography, 57(4), 1084–1098. doi:10.4319/lo.2012.57.4.1084
Methods
Krause, J. W., Nelson, D. M., & Lomas, M. W. (2009). Biogeochemical responses to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea, II: Increased rates of biogenic silica production and export. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 56(6), 861–874. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.01.002
Methods
McNair, H. M., Brzezinski, M. A., & Krause, J. W. (2015). Quantifying diatom silicification with the fluorescent dye, PDMPO. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 13(10), 587–599. doi:10.1002/lom3.10049
Methods

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Parameters

ParameterDescriptionUnits
CAST_NUM

CTD cast number

unitless
Cruise

Cruise identifier

unitless
Event_num

Event Number (YYYYMMDDHHHH; Zulu)

unitless
Activity

CTD number

unitless
Date_Local

Date (local) in format dd-mmm-yy

unitless
Date_Zulu

Time (local) in format hh:mm

unitless
Time_Local

Date (UTC) in format dd-mmm-yy

unitless
Time_Zulu

Time (UTC) in format hh:mm

unitless
ISO_DateTime_UTC

ISO timestamp based on the ISO 8601:2004(E) standard in format YYYY-mm-ddTHH:MMZ (UTC)

unitless
Latitude

Latitude in decimal degrees

unitless
Longitude

Longitude in decimal degrees

unitless
Station

Station name

unitless
Bottom_Depth

Bottom depth

meters
Actual_Depth

Depth of sample. Mid-point of niskin bottle at depth of collection (Depth sensor minus 0.5 m)

meters
Bottle_num

Bottle number

unitless
Irradiance_percent

Percentage of irradiance; measured just below the surface

percent (%)
Phosphate

Autoanalyzer soluble reactive phosphorus

micromoles per liter (umol/L)
Nitrate_plus_Nitrite

Autoanalyzer nitrate+nitrite

micromoles per liter (umol/L)
total_chl

Total chlorophyll

micrograms per liter (ug/L)
chl_a

Chlorophyll a

micrograms per liter (ug/L)
phaeo

Phaeopigment

micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Total_SiOH4

Manual dissolved silicic acid (Si(OH)4) concentration

micromoles per liter (umol/L)
Si32_Rho

Silicon-32-measured Gross biogenic silica production (Greek letter Rho)

micromoles of silicon per liter per day (umol Si/L/d)
Si32_Vb

Silicon-32-measured Biomass-normalized biogenic silica production (Vb)

per day (d-1)
PDMPO_Rho

12-hr incubation, PDMPO-measured Gross biogenic silica production (Greek letter Rho)

nanomoles of PDMPO per liter per day (nmol PDMPO/L/d)
Temperature0

Primary temperature from CTD (Seasave parameter T090C)

degrees Celsius
Temperature1

Secondary temperature from CTD (Seasave parameter T190C)

degrees Celsius
Conductivity0

Primary conductivity from CTD (Seasave parameter C0S/m)

Siemens per meter (S/m)
Conductivity1

Secondary conductivity from CTD (Seasave parameter C1S/m)

Siemens per meter (S/m)
Salinity0

Primary salinity from CTD (Seasave parameter Sal00)

Practical Salinity Units (PSU)
Salinity1

Secondary sailinity from CTD (Seasave parameter Sal11)

Practical Salinity Units (PSU)
Density0

Primary sigma-theta from CTD (Seasave parameter Sigma/e00)

kilograms per meter cubed (kg/m3)
Density1

Primary sigma-theta from CTD (Seasave parameter Sigma/e11)

kilograms per meter cubed (kg/m3)
Fluorescence

Fluorescence from Wet Labs ECO-AFL sensor on CTD (Seasave parameter FlECO/AFL)

milligrams per meter cubed (mg/m3)
SBE_Oxygen

Dissolved Oxygen from CTD (Seasave parameter Sbeox0Mm/Kg)

micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
PAR

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) from CTD (Seasave parameter Par)

microeinsteins per square meter per second (uE/m2/s)
Surface_PAR

Surface Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) from CTD (Seasave parameter Spar)

microeinsteins per square meter per second (uE/m2/s)
CTD_file

File name of the CTD profile data (.asc) file associated with this sample (contains cast number in name)

unitless
Bottle_file

File name of the CTD bottle data (.btl) file associated with this sample (contains cast number in name)

unitless


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Instruments

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Generic Instrument Name
CTD Sea-Bird 9
Dataset-specific Description
Sensor and calibration information for all casts can be found in the original .btl file zip file available on the dataset landing page: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/701430
Generic Instrument Description
The Sea-Bird SBE 9 is a type of CTD instrument package. The SBE 9 is the Underwater Unit and is most often combined with the SBE 11 Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) when deployed from a research vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 and SBE 11 is called a SBE 911. The SBE 9 uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 and SBE 4). The SBE 9 CTD can be configured with auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorometer, altimeter, etc.). Note that in most cases, it is more accurate to specify SBE 911 than SBE 9 since it is likely a SBE 11 deck unit was used. more information from Sea-Bird Electronics

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
QuickChem 8000 analyzer
Generic Instrument Name
Flow Injection Analyzer
Dataset-specific Description
University of California Santa Barbara Marine Science Institute’s Analytical Laboratory using flow injection techniques on a QuickChem 8000 analyzer (Lachat Instruments Division, Zellweger Analytics) as described in Brzezinski and Washburn (2011). Brzezinski, M. A., and L. Washburn.  2011.  Phytoplankton primary productivity in the Santa Barbara Channel: Effects of wind-driven upwelling and mesoscale eddies.  Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 116, C12013, doi:10.1029/2011JC007397.
Generic Instrument Description
An instrument that performs flow injection analysis. Flow injection analysis (FIA) is an approach to chemical analysis that is accomplished by injecting a plug of sample into a flowing carrier stream. FIA is an automated method in which a sample is injected into a continuous flow of a carrier solution that mixes with other continuously flowing solutions before reaching a detector. Precision is dramatically increased when FIA is used instead of manual injections and as a result very specific FIA systems have been developed for a wide array of analytical techniques.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Turner Designs 10AU fluorometer
Generic Instrument Name
Fluorometer
Generic Instrument Description
A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. The instrument is designed to measure the amount of stimulated electromagnetic radiation produced by pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted into a water sample or in situ.


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Deployments

PS1312

Website
Platform
R/V Point Sur
Start Date
2013-06-27
End Date
2013-07-06
Description
Cruise DOI: 10.7284/903425


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Project Information

Group-Specific Diatom Silica Production in a Coastal Upwelling System (Diatom Group Si Prod)

Coverage: In-, and off-shore, between Monterey Bay and Bodega Bay, CA


This study will examine the distribution of silica production among diatom species, using a novel combination of existing approaches, to evaluate the contributions of specific species or genera to total diatom silica production. Specific hypotheses regarding the distribution of silica production among species of diatoms will be tested by exploiting the strong contrasts in diatom community structure and silica production between a coastal upwelling system and in an oligotrophic subtropical gyre. Several lines of evidence support the idea that the diatoms responsible for the majority of silica production shifts from the most numerically abundant species in coastal systems to relatively rare, but very large, cells in offshore oligotrophic environments. This shift alters the role of diatoms in regional food webs and because many processes determining the role of phytoplankton groups in biogeochemical cycles are a function of cell size, such a shift has strong implications for regional differences in the contribution of diatoms to upper-ocean carbon cycling and the biological pump. 

This study also seeks to understand of the role of silicon limitation in regulating diatom silica production at the species level. Si limitation of silica production has been detected in every system examined to date, ranging from the high Si waters of the Antarctic, to coastal upwelling systems and the oligotrophic subtropical gyres. Field studies of Si limitation are rarely accompanied by examination of the species present. When studies do have taxonomic data the lack of information on the performance of individual species makes it impossible to allocate the measured rates among cells, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions about the contribution of specific diatom groups to community composite rates.

The project will test five hypotheses. Each is related to the general theme of using species-specific data to improve understanding of the factors regulating diatoms' role in marine food webs. By combining bulk measures of silica production using the radioisotope 32Si with quantitative measures of silicon deposition rates by individual cells using the fluorescent probe 2-(4-pyridyl)-5((4-(2-dimethylaminoethyl-aminocarbamoyl)-methoxy)phenyl)oxazole, or PDMPO, the following will be determined: species-specific diatom contributions to total community silica production, regional differences in the distribution of silica production among diatom species as a function of cell size, species-specific kinetic parameters governing the ability of species to compete for dissolved silicon, and whether dominance of a particular diatom group or species can be explained by knowledge of their capacity to utilize Si and their numerical abundance (as opposed to other factors such as grazing or limitation by other nutrients).



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Funding

Funding SourceAward
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE)

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