Bottle data including phosphate, nitrate, total nitrite and nitrate, ammonium, silicate, chlorophyll, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC, PON), and biogenic silica from multiple cruises to the southern Ross Sea, 2001-2006 (IVARS project)

Website: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/710112
Data Type: Cruise Results
Version: 1
Version Date: 2017-07-28

Project
» Interannual Variability in the Antarctic-Ross Sea (IVARS): Nutrients and Seasonal Production (IVARS)
ContributorsAffiliationRole
Smith, Walker O.Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)Principal Investigator
Copley, NancyWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager

Abstract
The IVARS project was a field effort to document the interannual variations in surface chemical and biological properties in the southern Ross Sea. In involved placed sediment traps and moorings at two sites, and completing hydrographic analyses between the two locations.


Coverage

Spatial Extent: N:-74.9643 E:180 S:-77.9893 W:166.3218
Temporal Extent: 2001-12-19 - 2006-02-01

Methods & Sampling

All methods were standard JGOFS procedures (nutrients, particulate matter concentrations). Nutrient samples were frozen and returned to the US for analyses; chlorophyll determinations were completed at sea using fluorometry. Particulate organic carbon/nitrogen samples were filtered, dried at 60C, and returned to the US for analysis on an elemental analyzer. Complete details can be found in Smith et al. (2006, 2011a,b).


Data Processing Description

BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
- added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
- reformatted date so all seasons are same: mm/dd/yyyy
- reformatted time to HHMM from HMM
- added column 'season'


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Data Files

File
bottle.csv
(Comma Separated Values (.csv), 159.16 KB)
MD5:16820f8d098690c460aa9967162f7011
Primary data file for dataset ID 710112

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Related Publications

Smith Jr, W. O., Shields, A. R., Peloquin, J. A., Catalano, G., Tozzi, S., Dinniman, M. S., & Asper, V. A. (2006). Interannual variations in nutrients, net community production, and biogeochemical cycles in the Ross Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53(8-10), 815-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.02.014
Methods
Smith, W. O., Asper, V., Tozzi, S., Liu, X., & Stammerjohn, S. E. (2011). Surface layer variability in the Ross Sea, Antarctica as assessed by in situ fluorescence measurements. Progress in Oceanography, 88(1-4), 28–45. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2010.08.002
Methods
Smith, W. O., Shields, A. R., Dreyer, J. C., Peloquin, J. A., & Asper, V. (2011). Interannual variability in vertical export in the Ross Sea: Magnitude, composition, and environmental correlates. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 58(2), 147–159. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.11.007
Results

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Parameters

ParameterDescriptionUnits
season

season of sampling

unitless
Station

station identifier

unitless
Date_GMT

UTC date formatted as mm/dd/yyyy

unitless
Time_GMT

UTC time formatted as HHMM

unitless
Latitude

latitude; north is positive

decimal degrees
Longitude

longitude; east is postivie

decimal degrees
Depth

sample depth

meters
PO4

Phosphate concentration

microMolar
NO2

Nitrite concentration

microMolar
NO2_NO3

Nitrite and nitrate concentration

microMolar
NH4

Ammonium concentration

microMolar
SiOH4

Silicate concentration

microMolar
Chl

Chlorophyll concentration

milligrams/cubic meter
POC

Particulate Organic Carbon concentration

milligrams/cubic meter
PON

Particulate Organic Nitrogen concentration

microMolar
BSi

biogenic silica concentration

microMolar


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Instruments

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Generic Instrument Name
CTD - profiler
Generic Instrument Description
The Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) unit is an integrated instrument package designed to measure the conductivity, temperature, and pressure (depth) of the water column. The instrument is lowered via cable through the water column. It permits scientists to observe the physical properties in real-time via a conducting cable, which is typically connected to a CTD to a deck unit and computer on a ship. The CTD is often configured with additional optional sensors including fluorometers, transmissometers and/or radiometers. It is often combined with a Rosette of water sampling bottles (e.g. Niskin, GO-FLO) for collecting discrete water samples during the cast. This term applies to profiling CTDs. For fixed CTDs, see https://www.bco-dmo.org/instrument/869934.


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Deployments

Ross_Sea_2001-2006_Smith

Website
Platform
Unknown Vessel
Start Date
2001-12-24
End Date
2006-01-30
Description
A series of cruises to the southern Ross Sea that used either the USCGC Polar Star, USCGC Polar Sea, or the N.B. Palmer.

IVARS_cruises

Website
Platform
USCGC Polar Star
Start Date
2001-12-20
End Date
2005-02-01

NBP0601A

Website
Platform
RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer
Start Date
2006-01-30
End Date
2006-02-02
Description
IVARS cruise


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Project Information

Interannual Variability in the Antarctic-Ross Sea (IVARS): Nutrients and Seasonal Production (IVARS)

Coverage: Southern Ross Sea


NSF Award Abstract:
During the past few decades of oceanographic research, it has been recognized that significant variations in biogeochemical processes occur among years. Interannual variations in the Southern Ocean are known to occur in ice extent and concentration, in the composition of herbivore communities, and in bird and marine mammal distributions and reproductive success. However, little is known about the interannual variations in production of phytoplankton or the role that these variations play in the food web. This project will collect time series data on the seasonal production of phytoplankton in the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Furthermore, it will assess the interannual variations of the production of the two major functional groups of the system, diatoms and Phaeocystis Antarctica, a colonial haptophyte. The Ross Sea provides a unique setting for this type of investigation for a number of reasons. For example, a de facto time-series has already been initiated in the Ross Sea through the concentration of a number of programs in the past ten years. It also is well known that the species diversity is reduced relative to other systems and its seasonal production is as great as anywhere in the Antarctic. Most importantly, seasonal production of both the total phytoplankton community (as well as its two functional groups) can be estimated from late summer nutrient profiles. The project will involve short cruises on the US Coast Guard ice breakers in the southern Ross Sea that will allow the collection of water column nutrient and particulate after data at specific locations in the late summer of each of five years. Additionally, two moorings with in situ nitrate analyzers moored at fifteen will be deployed, thus collecting for the first time in the in the Antarctic a time-series of euphotic zone nutrient concentrations over the entire growing season. All nutrient data will be used to calculate seasonal production for each year in the southern Ross Sea and compared to previously collected information, thereby providing an assessment of interannual variations in net community production. Particulate matter data will allow us to estimate the amount of export from the surface layer by late summer, and therefore calculate the interannual variability of this ecosystem process. Interannual variations of seasonal production (and of the major taxa of producers) are a potentially significant feature in the growth and survival of higher trophic levels within the food web of the Ross Sea. They are also important in order to understand the natural variability in biogeochemical processes of the region. Because polar regions such as the Ross Sea are predicted to be impacted by future climate change, biological changes are also anticipated. Placing these changes in the context of natural variability is an essential element of understanding and predicting such alterations. This research thus seeks to quantify the natural variability of an Antarctic coastal system, and ultimately understand its causes and impacts on food webs and biogeochemical cycles of the Ross Sea.

Related publications:
Smith, W.O., Jr., M.S. Dinniman, J.M. Klinck, and E. Hofmann. 2003. Biogeochemical climatologies in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: seasonal patterns of nutrients and biomass. Deep-Sea Res. II 50: 3083-3101.

Smith, W.O., Jr., A.R. Shields, J.A. Peloquin, G. Catalano, S. Tozzi, M.S. Dinniman and V.A. Asper. 2006. Biogeochemical budgets in the Ross Sea:  variations among years. Deep-Sea Res. II 53: 815-833.

Tremblay, J.-E. and W.O. Smith, Jr.  2007. Phytoplankton processes in polynyas.  In:  Polynyas: Windows to the World’s Oceans (W.O. Smith, Jr. and D.G. Barber, eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Pp. 239-270.

Smith, W.O. Jr. and D.G. Barber (Eds.).  2007. Polynyas: Windows to the World’s Oceans. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 437 pp.

Smith, W.O. Jr. and D.G. Barber. 2007. Polynyas and climate change: a view to the future.  In: Polynyas: Windows to the World’s Oceans (W.O. Smith, Jr. and D.G. Barber, eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Pp. 409-417.

Smith, W.O. Jr., D.G. Ainley and R. Cattaneo-Vietti. 2007. Trophic interactions within the Ross Sea continental shelf ecosystem. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., ser. B 362: 95-111.

Peloquin, J. A., and W. O. Smith, Jr.  2007. Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Interannual variability in magnitude, temporal patterns, and composition. J. Geophys. Res. 112: C08013, doi:10.1029/2006JC003816.

Smith, W.O. Jr. and J.C. Comiso. 2009. Southern Ocean primary productivity: variability and a view to the future. In Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science (I. Krupnik, M.A. Lang, and S.E. Miller, Eds.), Smithsonian Inst. Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 309-318.

Smith, W.O. Jr., M. Dinniman, G.R. DiTullio, S. Tozzi, O. Mangoni, M. Modigh and V. Saggiomo. 2010. Phytoplankton photosynthetic pigments in the Ross Sea: Patterns and relationships among functional groups. J. Mar. Systems 82: 177-185.

Smith, W.O. Jr., V. Asper, S. Tozzi, X. Liu and S.E. Stammerjohn. 2011a. Surface layer variability in the Ross Sea, Antarctica as assessed by in situ fluorescence measurements. Prog. Oceanogr.  88: 28-45 (doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.08.002).

Smith, W.O. Jr., A.R. Shields, J. Dreyer, J.A. Peloquin and V. Asper. 2011b. Interannual variability in vertical export in the Ross Sea: magnitude, composition, and environmental correlates. Deep-Sea Res. I 58: 147-159.

Liu, X. and W.O. Smith, Jr.  2012. A statistical analysis of the controls on phytoplankton distribution in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. J. Mar. Systems 94: 135-144.

Smith, W.O. Jr., P.N. Sedwick, K.R. Arrigo, D.G. Ainley, and A.H. Orsi. 2012. The Ross Sea in a sea of change. Oceanography 25: 44-57.

Peloquin, J., C. Swan, N. Gruber, M. Vogt, H. Claustre, J. Ras, J. Uitz, J-C. Marty, R. Barlow, M. Behrenfeld, R. Bidigare, H. Dierssen, G. DiTullio, E. Fernandez, C. Gallienne, S. Gibb, R. Goericke, L. Harding, E. Head, P. Holligan, S. Hooker, D. Karl, T. Knap, M. Landry, R. Letelier, C.A. Llewellyn, M. Lomas, M. Lucas, A. Mannino, J.-C. Marty, B. G. Mitchell, F. Müller-Karger, N. Nelson, C. O'Brien, B. Prezelin, D. Repeta, W. O. Smith, Jr., D. Smythe-Wright, R. Stumpf, A. Subramaniam, K. Suzuki, C. Trees, M. Vernet, K. Wasmund, and S. Wright. 2014. The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid chromatography marine pigment measurements.  Earth System Science Data 5: 109-123.

Smith, W.O. Jr., D.G. Ainley, K.R. Arrigo, and M.S. Dinniman. 2014. The oceanography and ecology of the Ross Sea.  Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 6: 469-487.

Smith, W.O., Jr. and K. Donaldson. 2015. Photosynthesis-irradiance responses in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: a meta-analysis. Biogeosciences 12: 1-11.

Asper, V.L. and W.O. Smith, Jr. Variations in the abundance and distribution of aggregates in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. I (submitted).

Smith, W.O., Jr. and D.E. Kaufman. Particulate organic carbon climatologies in the Ross Sea: evidence for seasonal acclimations within phytoplankton. Prog. Oceanogr. (submitted).



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Funding

Funding SourceAward
NSF Division of Polar Programs (NSF PLR)

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