Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Project Information
• Funding

This dataset includes specific growth rates of Trichodesmium erythraeum GBR strain incubated at different temperatures and phosphate concentrations. The study examined the interaction of intensity of thermal variability and phosphate limitation on growth rates, carbon fixation, and nitrogen fixation rates.

The Trichodesmium erythraeum GBR strain used in this project was a tropical strain collected and isolated from the Great Barrier Reef (Fu and Bell 2003). In this study, the cultures were maintained with autoclaved artificial seawater by adding phosphate (10 μM), vitamins and trace metals as suggested by Aquil recipe (Garcia et al. 2011). Cool white fluorescent bulbs were used to provide a 12h dark: 12h light cycle at 150 μmol photons m-2s-1. Cultures were grown in acid-washed 120-ml plastic jars fitting into the thermal block that provides an even temperature gradient.

According to Fu et al. (2014), the temperature limit of this strain is 18-32°C, while the optimal growth range is 24-28°C. Within the optimal range, the growth of Trichodesmium erythraeum was at plateau stage, therefore, thermal variations that fall wholly within this range was expected to have negligible effects. 22°C and 30°C represents the “cold” and “warm” phases of the variation cycle. For each constant temperature, one or two variable treatments were used simultaneously, each with an average temperature equal to the corresponding constant temperature. There was an “intense” 18-26°C variable treatment and a “mild” 20-24°C variable treatment for 22°C. For 30°C, only one variable treatment “28-32°C” was used, because an “intense” one periodically exceeding the strain’s upper temperature limit was likely to kill the cultures.

For all the treatments, semi-continuous incubation methods were applied and dilution was conducted every four days. In each 4-day cycle, the first 48 hours of variable treatments were at a lower temperature (respectively 18, 20 and 28°C) and the second 48 hours were at a higher temperature (respectively 26, 24 and 32°C). In order to investigate the interactions between phosphate availability and thermal variation, there were triplicate bottles for phosphorus-replete (10 μmol/L) and phosphorus-limiting (0.2 μmol/L) conditions under the 5 constant and variable temperature treatments above.

Semi-continuous incubation was maintained until steady state was reached. Data on specific growth rates, nitrogen and carbon fixation rates were collected and analyzed. There were three sampling points in each cycle: the initial point (0 hour after the dilution and transfer to LT phase), the middle point (48 hours after the dilution, end of LT phase) and the final point (96 hours after the dilution, end of HT phase). For variable temperature treatments, nitrogen and carbon fixation data at the middle and final points and the average values of these two phases were compared to the corresponding data from the constant treatment.

Growth rates. During the semi-continuous incubation, real-time biomass was estimated with in vivo fluorescence before and after dilution, and subsequently validated by microscopy using preserved cell counts. Specific growth rates (μ) were calculated based on the in vivo fluorescence readings as: μ= ln(Nt2/Nt1)/(t2-t1), where Nt1, and Nt2 refer to biomass ( as in vivo fluorescence readings) at time 1 (t1)and 2 (t2) (in days) respectively (Ihnken et al. 2011).

Methodology References:

Fu, F., & Bell, P. (2003). Factors affecting N2 fixation by the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp. GBRTRLI101. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 45(2), 203-209.

Fu, F., Warner, M. E., Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., & Hutchins, D. A. (2007). Effects of increased temperature and CO2 on photosynthesis, growth, and elemental ratios in marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (cyanobacteria) 1. Journal of Phycology, 43(3), 485-496.

Fu, F., Yu, E., Garcia, N. S., Gale, J., Luo, Y., Webb, E. A., & Hutchins, D. A. (2014). Differing responses of marine N2 fixers to warming and consequences for future diazotroph community structure. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 72(1), 33-46.

Garcia, N. S., Fu, F., Breene, C. L., Bernhardt, P. W., Mulholland, M. R., Sohm, J. A., & Hutchins, D. A. (2011). Interactive effects of irradiance and CO2 on CO2 fixation and N2 fixation in the diazotroph Trichodesmium erythraeum (cyanobacteria) 1. Journal of Phycology, 47(6), 1292-1303.

Ihnken, S., Roberts, S., & Beardall, J. (2011). Differential responses of growth and photosynthesis in the marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri to CO2 and light availability. Phycologia, 50(2), 182-193.

Tuit, C., Waterbury, J., & Ravizza, G. (2004). Diel variation of molybdenum and iron in marine diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Limnology and Oceanography, 49(4), 978-990.

Xu, K., Fu, F., & Hutchins, D. A. (2014). Comparative responses of two dominant Antarctic phytoplankton taxa to interactions between ocean acidification, warming, irradiance, and iron availability. Limnology and Oceanography, 59(6), 1919-1931.

Averages and standard deviations were calculated using Excel 14.4.2.

BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
- added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
- removed degree symbols from temperature_treatment column
- replaced blank cells with '-' in statistical summary rows
- changed end dates in last 5 records to match all previous date ranges.

NSF Award Abstract:
Microscopic plants called phytoplankton are key members of global oceanic ecosystems, since their photosynthesis supports the majority of the marine food chain and produces about as much oxygen as land plants. Because of this, oceanographers have often carried out experiments examining how factors such as temperature and carbon dioxide levels may affect phytoplankton growth. Most previous experiments have used constant levels of temperature and carbon dioxide, but it is clear from looking at measurements from real ocean ecosystems that these two factors often vary greatly over timescales of days to weeks. Using field and laboratory experiments along with computer modeling, this project will test how the growth of several major groups of phytoplankton differs under constant conditions of temperature and carbon dioxide, compared to conditions in which these factors fluctuate in intensity and frequency. This research will give marine scientists a better picture of how phytoplankton may respond to a varying natural environment today and in the future, and therefore help us to understand how ocean food webs function to support critical living resources such as fisheries. The project will train graduate and undergraduate students and a postdoctoral researcher, and the lead scientists will be involved in an ocean science education program for largely minority high school students from a downtown Los Angeles school district.

The goal of this project is to use laboratory culture and natural community experiments to understand how realistically fluctuating temperature and pCO2 conditions may affect globally important phytoplankton groups in ways that differ from the artificial constant exposures used in previous work. Culture experiments will test how the intensity and frequency of short-term thermal and carbonate fluctuations affects the growth responses of diazotrophic and picoplanktonic cyanobacteria, coccolithophores, and diatoms under both current and projected future environmental conditions. These lab results will be supported and extended by parallel experiments using mixed natural assemblages from the California upwelling regime, allowing us to test these same questions using phytoplankton communities that experience large seasonal shifts between highly dynamic thermal and carbonate system conditions during the spring upwelling season, and relatively much more static conditions during fall stratification events. These results will be synthesized using a new generation of numerical models that employ novel approaches to incorporating realistic environmental variations to allow more accurate predictions of phytoplankton responses to a dynamic environment in today's marine ecosystems, and in the future changing ocean.