Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Supplemental Files
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Project Information
• Funding

A fixed mooring was established to measure water column velocities in Lake Michigan near Milwaukee, WI, during 2018 from April 5 – April 20, 2018 at a 55m depth site.  The mooring involved a large tripod, upon which two ADCPs (Nortek Aquadopp HR profiler and Nortek Signature 500) were mounted to measure water column velocities between 13cm and 5087cm above the bed. 

All velocity data was averaged over 10 minutes of sampling before being interpolated onto a common time vector. Individual instrument accuracies, ranges, and resolutions are included.

ADCPs were used to sample current velocities at 2 Hz, with the Nortek Signature 500 (287cm – 5087cm above bed, 2m bin size) measuring continuously and the Nortek Aquadopp HR Profiler (13.1cm – 133.1cm above bed, 3cm cell size) burst sampling for ~8.5minutes every 10 minutes. All data were quality controlled according to manufacturer recommendations and measurements with poor amplitudes and correlations were removed before averaging. 

BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
- added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
- added lat and lon columns from metadata provided
- added component column which was extracted from source file names
- added filename column to document the file from which the data was sourced
- added ISO_DateTime_UTC column generated from date and time values

Overview:
While benthic filter feeders are known to influence plankton and nutrient dynamics in shallow marine and freshwater systems, their role is generally considered to be minor in large, deep systems. However, recent evidence indicates that profundal quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) have dramatically altered energy flow and nutrient cycling in the Laurentian Great Lakes and other larges aquatic systems, so that conventional nutrient-plankton paradigms no longer apply. Observed rates of phosphorus grazing by profundal quagga mussels in Lake Michigan exceed the passive settling rates by nearly an order of magnitude, even under stably stratified conditions. We hypothesize that the apparently enhanced particle deliver rate to the lake bottom results from high filtration capacity combined with vertical mixing processes that advect phytoplankton from the euphotic zone to the near-bottom layer. However, the role of hydrodynamics is unclear, because these processes are poorly characterized both within the hypolimnion as a whole and within the near-bottom layer. In addition, the implications for phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics are unclear, as mussels are also important nutrient recyclers. In the proposed interdisciplinary research project, state-of-the-art instruments and analytical tools will be deployed in Lake Michigan to quantify these critical dynamic processes, including boundary layer turbulence, mussel grazing, excretion and egestion, and benthic fluxes of carbon and phosphorus. Empirical data will be used to calibrate a 3D hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model to test our hypotheses.

Intellectual Merit:
This collaborative biophysical project is structured around two primary questions: 1) What role do profundal dreissenid mussels play in large lake carbon and nutrient cycles? 2) How are mussel grazing and the fate of nutrients recycled by mussels modulated by hydrodynamics at scales ranging from mm (benthic boundary layer) to meters (entire water column)? The project will improve the ability to model nutrient and carbon dynamics in coastal and lacustrine waters where benthic filter-feeders are a significant portion of the biota. By so doing, it will address the overarching question of how plankton and nutrient dynamics in large, deep lakes with abundant profundal filter feeders differ from the conventional paradigm described by previous models. Additionally, the project will quantify and characterize boundary layer turbulence for benthic boundary layers in large, deep lakes, including near-bed turbulence produced by benthic filter feeders.

Broader Impacts:
The project will provide new insight into the impacts of invasive dreissenid mussels, which are now threatening many large lakes and reservoirs across the United States. Dreissenid mussels appear to be responsible for a number of major changes that have occurred in the Great Lakes, including declines of pelagic plankton populations, declines in fish populations, and, ironically, nuisance algal blooms in the nearshore zone. As a result, conventional management models no longer apply, and managers are uncertain about appropriate nutrient loading targets and fish stocking levels. The data and models resulting from this project will help to guide those decisions. Additionally, the project will provide insight to bottom boundary layer physics, with applicability to other large lakes, atidal coastal seas, and the deep ocean. The project will leverage the collaboration and promote interdisciplinary education for undergraduate and graduate students from two universities (UW-Milwaukee and Purdue). The project will support 3 Ph.D. students and provide structured research experiences to undergraduates through a summer research program. The project will also promote education of future aquatic scientists by hosting a Biophysical Coupling Workshop for graduate students who participate in the annual IAGLR conferences, and the workshop lectures will be published for general access through ASLO e-Lectures and on an open-access project website.

Background publications are available at:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JC010506/full
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00348-012-1265-9
http://aslo.net/lomethods/free/2009/0169.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0380133015001458

Note: This is an NSF Collaborative Research Project.