CTD casts from the SPIROPA project from R/V Neil Armstrong cruise AR29, Ronald H. Brown cruise RB1904 and R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN368 to the New England Shelfbreak in 2018 and 2019

Website: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/807119
Data Type: Cruise Results
Version: 4
Version Date: 2022-08-10

Project
» Collaborative Research: Shelfbreak Frontal Dynamics: Mechanisms of Upwelling, Net Community Production, and Ecological Implications (SPIROPA)
ContributorsAffiliationRole
McGillicuddy, Dennis J.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)Principal Investigator
Petitpas, ChristianMassachusetts Division of Marine FisheriesCo-Principal Investigator
Smith, Walker O.Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)Co-Principal Investigator
Sosik, Heidi M.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)Co-Principal Investigator
Stanley, RachelWellesley CollegeCo-Principal Investigator
Turner, JeffersonUniversity of Massachusetts Dartmouth (UMass Dartmouth)Co-Principal Investigator
Zhang, Weifeng GordonWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)Co-Principal Investigator
Kosnyrev, OlgaWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)Data Manager
Biddle, MathewWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager
Soenen, KarenWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager
York, Amber D.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager

Abstract
CTD casts from the first, second and third cruises of the SPIROPA project. The first cruise (AR29), took place aboard the R/V Neil Armstrong in April 2018, the second cruise (RB1904) on the Ronald H. Brown in May 2019 and the third cruise (TN368) took place on the R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise in July of 2019.


Coverage

Spatial Extent: N:41.391 E:-70.0012 S:39.1242 W:-71.337
Temporal Extent: 2018-04-17 - 2019-07-16

Dataset Description

Standard station CTD profiles measurements (down casts) with water sampling (up casts).

Methods & Sampling

Hydrographic data and water samples were collected at standard CTD stations: CTD profiles measurements (down casts) with water sampling (up casts). The CTD rosette was equipped with a SBE 911 plus CTD system, conductivity, temperature and pressure sensors (SeaBird Electronics), WetLabs ECO-AFL/FL fluorometer, WET Labs ECO-NTU turbidity sensor, Sea-Bird SBE 43 dissolved oxygen sensor, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor and also surface radiation (SPAR) sensor.

Location: New England Shelfbreak 40 S 71 W, depth 0-2000m


Data Processing Description

This dataset was not cleaned to remove outliers. See processing notes below about missing data identifiers.

Sea-Bird Software used for AR29 data:
Data acquisition: SBE Seasave, version 7.23.2
Data processing: SBE Data Processing, version 7.26.7.114

Sea-Bird Software used for RB1904 and TN368 data:

Data acquisition: SBE Seasave, version 7.26.7.107
Data processing: SBE Data Processing, version 7.26.7.114

Bad data is indicated with a flag:
Bad data flag=-9.990e-29

BCO-DMO Processing Notes (Data Version 1, 2020-03-27, AR29):
- submission contained ctd casts of cruise AR29 with numbers [133-143]
- added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
- converted latitude and longitude coordinates to decimal degrees in the lat and lon columns
- concatenated all downcast seabird data files into one dataset.
- added ISO_DateTime_UTC field
- converted values indicated in seabird files as bad (-9.990e-29) to nd.

Dataset Version 2 (2021-04-20) replaces Dataset Version 1 (2020-03-27).
- This dataset update was made to add data from TN368 data in 2019.
- Imported seabrid .cnv files from TN368 and reimported the .cnv files from AR29 into the BCO-DMO data system. Imported the AR29 files again in this version instead of using the data from the previous version 1 of this dataset because temperature data t090C and t190C for cast 134 between depths 110 to 120 was not imported correctly in the version 1 data. It appears to have been an error when uploading the fixed with seabird file.
- Combined all the data into one table with additional columns for Cruise and Cast from information in the file names.
- As was done in version 1 of this dataset, the NMEA Lat, Lon and Time (UTC) in the seabird header was used as the data source for columns lat, lon, and ISO_DateTime_UTC.
- lat,lon rounded to 5 decimal places.
- column names renamed to match version 1 of this dataset which conform to the BCO-DMO naming conventions.
- Only -9.990e-29 was interpreted as a missing data identifier. These values will be displayed differently based on the file type downloaded by the user. It will be blank values in .csv files, NaN in matlab files, etc.
- The data submitter indicated this dataset was not cleaned for outliers. The following values are in this dataset: 90e-29, 9.0E-28,9.90E-27, 9.90E-27,-9.990e-29, 990e-29, 1.0000E-12. CPar data in AR29 cast 143 had some values: 9.2221E-13, 9.1837E-13, 9.2295E-13, 9.2564E-13, 9.2370E-13
- Data sorted by datetime then pressure (prDM).

Dataset Version 3 (2021-09-28) replaces Dataset Version 2 (2021-04-20).
- This dataset update was made to add CTD casts from AR29 cruise (added cast 001-011, 022-040, 047-068, and 079-095).
- Imported newly submitted seabird .cnv files from AR29 and imported the existing .csv from v2.
- Combined all the data into one table with additional columns for Cruise and Cast from information in the file names.
- As was done in version 1 & 2 of this dataset, the NMEA Lat, Lon and Time (UTC) in the seabird header was used as the data source for columns lat, lon, and ISO_DateTime_UTC.
- lat,lon rounded to 5 decimal places (same as v2)
- column names renamed to match version 2 of this dataset which conform to the BCO-DMO naming conventions
- Only -9.990e-29 was interpreted as a missing data identifier. These values will be displayed differently based on the file type downloaded by the user. It will be blank values in .csv files, NaN in matlab files, etc.
- Data sorted by datetime then pressure (prDM)

BCO-DMO data manager notes version 4 (replaces version 3)
- merged all available ctd cast .cnv files for all 3 cruises
- converted latitude and longitude to decimal degrees
- As was done in version 1, 2 & 3 of this dataset, the NMEA Lat, Lon and Time (UTC) in the seabird header was used as the data source for columns lat, lon, and ISO_DateTime_UTC.


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Data Files

File
ctd_all.csv
(Comma Separated Values (.csv), 24.67 MB)
MD5:80e46264e58be7bb2a1e75de28a10f7c
Primary data file for dataset ID 807119
Seabird CTD Data V1
filename: seabird_ctd_v1.zip
(ZIP Archive (ZIP), 167.94 KB)
MD5:de2963625a39967bf2e80b05dce86997
Original Seabird CTD files (.cnv) for the dataset 807119, version 1. This data file contains ctd data from the AR29 cruise with cast numbers [133-143].
Seabird CTD Data V2
filename: seabird_ctd_v2.zip
(ZIP Archive (ZIP), 376.95 KB)
MD5:20bf08b04e7cd4747a322b1bb972468e
Original Seabird CTD files (.cnv) submitted for the dataset 807119, version 2. This data file containes ctd data from the TN368 cruise with numbers 039, 062, 070, 071,081, 082, 086, 086b, 089, 100, 118.
Seabird CTD Data V3
filename: seabird_ctd_v3.zip
(ZIP Archive (ZIP), 847.86 KB)
MD5:a42e9f7adf085e0220402ef84688cd94
Original Seabird CTD files (.cnv) for the dataset 807119, version 3. This data files contains ctd data from the AR29 cruise with cast numbers [001-011], [022-040], [047-068] & [079-095].
Seabird CTD Data V4
filename: seabird_ctd_v4.zip
(ZIP Archive (ZIP), 8.60 MB)
MD5:e6c72cdd30aa460200232dc9b475969f
Original Seabird CTD files (.cnv) submitted for the dataset 807119, version 4. This data file containes ctd data from the cruises AR29, TN368 and RB1904.

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Related Datasets

IsRelatedTo
McGillicuddy, D. J., Sosik, H. M., Zhang, W. G., Smith, W. O., Stanley, R., Turner, J., Petitpas, C. (2022) Bottle sample data and water processing samples from CTD casts from the first cruise of SPIROPA project, R/V Neil Armstrong cruise AR29, to the New England Shelfbreak in April 2018. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 2) Version Date 2022-06-08 doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.863240.2 [view at BCO-DMO]
Relationship Description: Bottle data of the first SPIROPA cruise taken in April 2018 (upcasts).
McGillicuddy, D. J., Sosik, H. M., Zhang, W. G., Smith, W. O., Stanley, R., Turner, J., Petitpas, C. (2022) Bottle sample data from CTD casts from the second cruise of SPIROPA project, R/V Ronald H. Brown cruise RB1904, to the New England Shelfbreak in May of 2019. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2022-05-04 doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.873854.1 [view at BCO-DMO]
Relationship Description: Bottle data of the second SPIROPA cruise taken in May 2019 (upcasts).
McGillicuddy, D. J., Sosik, H. M., Zhang, W. G., Smith, W. O., Stanley, R., Turner, J., Petitpas, C. (2022) Bottle sample data from CTD casts from the third cruise of SPIROPA project, R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN368, to the New England Shelfbreak in July of 2019. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 2) Version Date 2022-06-08 doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.849340.2 [view at BCO-DMO]
Relationship Description: Bottle data of the third SPIROPA cruise taken in July 2019 (upcasts).

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Parameters

ParameterDescriptionUnits
ISO_DateTime_UTC

Cast date and time in UTC ISO8601 format. From NMEA Time UTC.

yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'
Latitude

Cast latitude. From NMEA latitude.

decimal degrees
Longitude

Cast longitude; west is negative. From NMEA longitude.

decimal degrees
Cruise

Cruise name

unitless
Cast

Cast number

unitless
prDM

Pressure

decibar (db)
t090C

Temperature from primary sensor (ITS-90)

degrees Celsius (C)
t190C

Temperature from secondary sensor (ITS-90)

degrees Celsius (C)
c0S_m

Conductivity from primary sensor

Siemens per meter (S/m)
c1S_m

Conductivity from secondary sensor

Siemens per meter (S/m)
sbeox0V

Oxygen raw SBE 43

volts (V)
flECO_AFL

Fluorescence, WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL

milligrams per meter cubed (mg/m3)
wetCDOM

Fluorescence, WET labs CDOM

milligrams per meter cubed (mg/m3)
upoly0

Upoly 0, SUNA 2km ASY-NTR-00081. SUNA UserPoly.

micromolar nitrate (mmol nitrate per m^3)
CStarTr0

Beam Transmission, WET Labs C-Star

%
turbWETntu0

Turbidity, WET Labs ECO

NTU
altM

Altitude

meters (m)
sal00_DC

Salinity practical from primary sensor (output from Data Conversion)

Practical Salinity Units (PSU)
spar

SPAR/surface irradiance

microEinsteins/m^2/second
par

PAR/irradiance

microEinsteins/m^2/second
cpar

CPAR/Corrected Irradiance

percent (%)
v0

Fluorometer WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL Voltage.

volts (V)
v6

UserPoly Voltage

volts (V)
depSM

Depth

meters (m)
sal00

Salinity practical from primary sensors

Practical Salinity Units (PSU)
sal11

Salinity practical from secondary sensors

Practical Salinity Units (PSU)
sbeox0ML_L

Dissolved oxygen concentration from Oxygen SBE 43

milliliters per liter (ml/l)
svCM

Sound velocity (chen-millero) from primary sensors

meters per second (m/s)
sigma_e00

Sigma-theta density from primary sensors

kilograms per meters cubed (kg/m^3)
sigma_e11

Sigma-theta density from secondary sensors

kilograms per meters cubed (kg/m^3)
flag

Bad data flag -9.990e-29

unitless
File_Name

Name of corresponding .cnv file (see data files section)

unitless


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Instruments

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Sea-Bird SBE 9
Generic Instrument Name
CTD Sea-Bird 9
Dataset-specific Description
Sea-Bird SBE 9
Generic Instrument Description
The Sea-Bird SBE 9 is a type of CTD instrument package. The SBE 9 is the Underwater Unit and is most often combined with the SBE 11 Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) when deployed from a research vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 and SBE 11 is called a SBE 911. The SBE 9 uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 and SBE 4). The SBE 9 CTD can be configured with auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorometer, altimeter, etc.). Note that in most cases, it is more accurate to specify SBE 911 than SBE 9 since it is likely a SBE 11 deck unit was used. more information from Sea-Bird Electronics

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Generic Instrument Name
CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus
Generic Instrument Description
The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Generic Instrument Name
LI-COR Biospherical PAR Sensor
Generic Instrument Description
The LI-COR Biospherical PAR Sensor is used to measure Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) in the water column. This instrument designation is used when specific make and model are not known.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
LI-COR Biospherical SPAR
Generic Instrument Name
Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensor
Generic Instrument Description
A PAR sensor measures photosynthetically available (or active) radiation. The sensor measures photon flux density (photons per second per square meter) within the visible wavelength range (typically 400 to 700 nanometers). PAR gives an indication of the total energy available to plants for photosynthesis. This instrument name is used when specific type, make and model are not known.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Pressure, Digiquartz with TC
Generic Instrument Name
Pressure Sensor
Generic Instrument Description
A pressure sensor is a device used to measure absolute, differential, or gauge pressures. It is used only when detailed instrument documentation is not available.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Generic Instrument Name
Sea-Bird SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
Generic Instrument Description
The Sea-Bird SBE 43 dissolved oxygen sensor is a redesign of the Clark polarographic membrane type of dissolved oxygen sensors. more information from Sea-Bird Electronics

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Turbidity, WET Labs ECO
Generic Instrument Name
Turbidity Meter
Generic Instrument Description
A turbidity meter measures the clarity of a water sample. A beam of light is shown through a water sample. The turbidity, or its converse clarity, is read on a numerical scale. Turbidity determined by this technique is referred to as the nephelometric method from the root meaning "cloudiness". This word is used to form the name of the unit of turbidity, the NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit). The meter reading cannot be used to compare the turbidity of different water samples unless the instrument is calibrated. Description from: http://www.gvsu.edu/wri/education/instructor-s-manual-turbidity-10.htm (One example is the Orion AQ4500 Turbidimeter)

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Generic Instrument Name
Wet Labs ECO-AFL/FL Fluorometer
Generic Instrument Description
The Environmental Characterization Optics (ECO) series of single channel fluorometers delivers both high resolution and wide ranges across the entire line of parameters using 14 bit digital processing. The ECO series excels in biological monitoring and dye trace studies. The potted optics block results in long term stability of the instrument and the optional anti-biofouling technology delivers truly long term field measurements. more information from Wet Labs


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Deployments

AR29

Website
Platform
R/V Neil Armstrong
Start Date
2018-04-16
End Date
2018-04-29

TN368

Website
Platform
R/V Thomas G. Thompson
Start Date
2019-07-05
End Date
2019-07-18
Description

RB1904

Website
Platform
NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown
Start Date
2019-05-12
End Date
2019-05-25


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Project Information

Collaborative Research: Shelfbreak Frontal Dynamics: Mechanisms of Upwelling, Net Community Production, and Ecological Implications (SPIROPA)


Coverage: Shelf break south of New England, OOI Pioneer Array


NSF award abstract:

The continental shelf break of the Middle Atlantic Bight supports a productive and diverse ecosystem. Current paradigms suggest that this productivity is driven by several upwelling mechanisms at the shelf break front. This upwelling supplies nutrients that stimulate primary production by phytoplankton, which in turn leads to enhanced production at higher trophic levels. Although local enhancement of phytoplankton biomass has been observed in some circumstances, such a feature is curiously absent from time-averaged measurements, both from satellites and shipboard sampling. Why would there not be a mean enhancement in phytoplankton biomass as a result of the upwelling? One hypothesis is that grazing by zooplankton prevents accumulation of biomass on seasonal and longer time scales, transferring the excess production to higher trophic levels and thereby contributing to the overall productivity of the ecosystem. However, another possibility is that the net impact of these highly intermittent processes is not adequately represented in long-term means of the observations, because of the relatively low resolution of the in-water measurements and the fact that the frontal enhancement can take place below the depth observable by satellite. The deployment of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Pioneer Array south of New England has provided a unique opportunity to test these hypotheses. The combination of moored instrumentation and autonomous underwater vehicles will facilitate observations of the frontal system with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This will provide an ideal four-dimensional (space-time) context in which to conduct a detailed study of frontal dynamics and plankton communities needed to examine mechanisms controlling phytoplankton populations in this frontal system. This project will also: (1) promote teaching, training and learning via participation of graduate and undergraduate students in the research , (2) provide a broad dissemination of information by means of outreach in public forums, printed media, and a video documentary of the field work, and (3) contribute to improving societal well-being and increased economic competitiveness by providing the knowledge needed for science-based stewardship of coastal ecosystems, with particular emphasis on connecting with the fishing industry through the Commercial Fisheries Research Foundation.

The investigators will conduct a set of three cruises to obtain cross-shelf sections of physical, chemical, and biological properties within the Pioneer Array. Nutrient distributions will be assayed together with hydrography to detect the signature of frontal upwelling and associated nutrient supply. The investigators expect that enhanced nutrient supply will lead to changes in the phytoplankton assemblage, which will be quantified with conventional flow cytometry, imaging flow cytometry (Imaging FlowCytobot, IFCB), optical imaging (Video Plankton Recorder, VPR), traditional microscopic methods, and pigment analysis. Zooplankton will be measured in size classes ranging from micro- to mesozooplankton with the IFCB and VPR, respectively, and also with microscopic analysis. Biological responses to upwelling will be assessed by measuring rates of primary productivity, zooplankton grazing, and net community production. These observations will be synthesized in the context of a coupled physical-biological model to test the two hypotheses that can potentially explain prior observations: (1) grazer-mediated control and (2) undersampling. Hindcast simulations will also be used to diagnose the relative importance of the various mechanisms of upwelling. The intellectual merit of this effort stems from our interdisciplinary approach, advanced observational techniques, and integrated analysis in the context of a state-of-the-art coupled model. The project will address longstanding questions regarding hydrodynamics and productivity of an important ecosystem, leading to improved understanding of physical-biological interactions in a complex continental shelf regime. Given the importance of frontal systems in the global coastal ocean, it is expected that knowledge gained will have broad applicability beyond the specific region being studied.



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Funding

Funding SourceAward
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE)

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