Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Publications
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Program Information
• Funding

From the project's Statement of Work:
The objective of this project is to synthesize over three decades of data collected on primary production in the ocean. The collected data uses a consistent methodology for primary production, using the uptake of inorganic 14C through photosynthesis, in incubations carried out in situ.

The primary support for this dataset was the National Aeronautic and Space Administration grant NNX14AM15G (P.I.: Z.-P. Lee).

Carbon assimilation was measured from the uptake 14C into particulate matter as an estimate of primary production (see Barber et al., 2001). Two replicate samples (in polysulfone tissue culture flasks or polycarbonate bottles) retrieved from eight depths in the euphotic zone were suspended from a spar buoy, floating free of the ship, from dawn until dusk. See Barber et al. (2001).

Phytoplankton absorption procedure followed that described in Mueller and Austin (1995). Two liters of water were collected onto GF/F filters and scanned over 400-700 nm in a Perkin-Elmer Lambda-3 spectrophotometer. The detrital spectrum was similarly scanned after an extraction in hot methanol and the phytoplankton pigment spectrum (aph, aphw) found by difference. The pathlength amplification (beta-correction) factors were determined for the Lambda-3, prior to the cruises, based on a composite of 12 different cultures of phytoplankton. See Marra et al. (2000).

HPLC methods for pigments varied over time. References are Trees et al. (2000), Bidigare et al. (1990), Latasa and Bidigare (1998), and Goericke and Repeta (1993).

PAR sensors (model QSP-200, Biospherical Instruments San Diego, CA), were used in a self- contained PAR-sensing and data-logging unit. Spectral irradiance (“irradiance” in the dataset) was measured using a Marine Environmental Recorder (MER) model 2040 (Biospherical Instruments) from which PAR was calculated. See Marra et al. (2000).

Methods for nutrient concentrations followed JGOFS protocols (see Barber et al., 2001).

Sampling and analytical procedures: The samples were subsequently filtered through GF/F filters, and the filters assayed for their radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting aboard ship. In the database,the primary production values are presented as the mean of the two replicate samples. 

BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
- added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
- re-formatted dates from m/d/yy to yyyy-mm-dd
- NaN and blank values were replaced with no data value 'nd'

One of the first major activities of JGOFS was a multinational pilot project, North Atlantic Bloom Experiment (NABE), carried out along longitude 20° West in 1989 through 1991. The United States participated in 1989 only, with the April deployment of two sediment trap arrays at 48° and 34° North. Three process-oriented cruises where conducted, April through July 1989, from R/V Atlantis II and R/V Endeavor focusing on sites at 46° and 59° North. Coordination of the NABE process-study cruises was supported by NSF-OCE award # 8814229. Ancillary sea surface mapping and AXBT profiling data were collected from NASA's P3 aircraft for a series of one day flights, April through June 1989.

A detailed description of NABE and the initial synthesis of the complete program data collection efforts appear in: Topical Studies in Oceanography, JGOFS: The North Atlantic Bloom Experiment (1993), Deep-Sea Research II, Volume 40 No. 1/2.

The U.S. JGOFS Data management office compiled a preliminary NABE data report of U.S. activities: Slagle, R. and G. Heimerdinger, 1991. U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, Process Study Data Report P-1, April-July 1989. NODC/U.S. JGOFS Data Management Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 315 pp. (out of print).

The U.S. Arabian Sea Expedition which began in September 1994 and ended in January 1996, had three major components: a U.S. JGOFS Process Study, supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF); Forced Upper Ocean Dynamics, an Office of Naval Research (ONR) initiative; and shipboard and aircraft measurements supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Expedition consisted of 17 cruises aboard the R/V Thomas Thompson, year-long moored deployments of five instrumented surface buoys and five sediment-trap arrays, aircraft overflights and satellite observations. Of the seventeen ship cruises, six were allocated to repeat process survey cruises, four to SeaSoar mapping cruises, six to mooring and benthic work, and a single calibration cruise which was essentially conducted in transit to the Arabian Sea.

The U.S. Southern Ocean JGOFS program, called Antarctic Environment and Southern Ocean Process Study (AESOPS), began in August 1996 and continued through March 1998. The U.S. JGOFS AESOPS program focused on two regions in the Southern Ocean: an east/west section of the Ross-Sea continental shelf along 76.5°S, and a second north/south section of the Southern Ocean spanning the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) at ~170°W (identified as the Polar Front). The science program, coordinated by Antarctic Support Associates (ASA), comprised eleven cruises using the R.V.I.B Nathaniel B. Palmer and R/V Roger Revelle as observational platforms and for deployment and recovery of instrumented moorings and sediment-trap arrays. The Ross-Sea region was occupied on six occasions and the Polar Front five times. Mapping data were obtained from SeaSoar, ADCP, and bathymetric systems. Satellite coverage was provided by the NASA SeaWiFS and the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder programs.

The control of photosynthetic quantum yield of phytoplankton
by light intensity and diapycnal nutrient flux

Primary production in the ocean is probably the least known part of the ocean's
carbon cycle. One reason that primary production is little known is the lack of
understanding of the geographical and temporal variability in phytoplankton physiology.
For example it is only recently that the importance has been revealed, of the
so-called photoprotectant pigments, pigments that, in effect, shield the photosynthetic
apparatus from too much sunlight. This project will investigate the geographic and
temporal variability of a fundamental property of oceanic photosynthesis: the quantum
yield, or the ratio of the available light to the amount of carbon fixed in photosynthesis.
The PIs propose an hypothesis based on earlier measurements, that in the lower parts
of the euphotic zone in the stratified ocean, the upward flux of nutrients regulates
the value of the quantum yield, while in the upper parts, irradiance governs its value,
through the pigment composition of the phytoplankton. This hypothesis will be tested
by making estimates of the quantum yield's maximum value through very careful and
comprehensive measurements of the bio-optical properties and species composition of
the phytoplankton, as well as the submarine light environment, hydrography, and nutrients.
These measurements will be along both temporal and spatial gradients in the ocean to
create the basis for environmental regulation of quantum yield. These measurements will
be used to establish precisely how the maximum value of the quantum yield is regulated
by solar flux and plant nutrients. This research provides a mechanism to understand
how the processes of nutrient supply and light affect the physiology of natural populations
of phytoplankton, a long-standing problem in biological oceanography. It also provides a
means for improving the modeling primary productivity, including estimating productivity
in the global ocean from space.

The present MODIS standard products for the oceans include the above-surface photosynthetic available radiation (PAR(0+)) and the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (Kd(490)). They are valuable for many studies, but are not adequate for the estimation of solar radiation in the upper water column. This is mainly because: 1) the transmittance of light from above surface to below surface is not a constant, but varies with location and time; 2) Kd(490), a single wavelength product, cannot be used to calculate the vertical attenuation of PAR (a broad band product); and 3) PAR(0+) represents daily total radiation, while Kd(490) (and the evaluation Kd(PAR) product) represents an instantaneous attenuation. Because the light attenuation coefficient also varies diurnally, a combination of daily PAR(0+) and instantaneous Kd(PAR) will result in significant (can be a factor of 2 or 3, as it is depth dependent) errors in the estimated PAR at depth.

Separately, the primary production (PP) values of the global oceans estimated from the traditional chlorophyll-based approaches contain significant uncertainties, which make the current satellite-derived water-column PP unreliable for the assessment of spatial and temporal variations. Mainly the uncertainty arises from the large spatial and temporal variation of chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficient (a*ph), which is required, explicitly or implicitly, for the retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration from water color and for the estimation of biomass-normalized photosynthetic efficiency. It has long been argued that it is necessary to take an approach that estimates PP without the engagement of a*ph.

To overcome the limitations listed above, and more importantly to maximize the value offered by MODIS Terra/Aqua for ocean physical and biogeochemical studies, we will develop and refine new algorithms for the generation of these new products from MODIS ocean-color measurements: 1) sub-surface, daily, usable solar radiation (USR), 2) diffuse attenuation coefficient of USR (K(USR)), and 3) daily, water-column primary production (PPeu). USR is defined as the solar radiation in the spectral window of 400-560 nm, a window that penetrates most in the global oceans and is most significant for phytoplankton photosynthesis. Because USR and K(USR) products are consistent both spectrally and temporally, it will then be straightforward, and accurate, to estimate solar radiation at depths when the values of K(USR) and subsurface USR are known. Further, the proposed PPeu estimation will be based on the 'first principles of phytoplankton photophysiology and light penetration' [Behrenfeld 1998], i.e., it will use directly the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton for the estimation of absorbed photons, thus by-passing the engagement of a*ph when using chlorophyll concentration. The resulted PP products will then significantly improve the spatial and temporal characterizations of PPeu in the global oceans.

Completion of this project will not only result in innovative products directly applicable to studies of the ocean's heat budget and photosynthesis in the upper water column, but will also be important for investigating photo-oxidation and phytoplankton phenology. The project will further enhance our capabilities in meeting NASA Strategic Sub-goal 3A 'to study Earth from space to advance scientific understanding and meet societal needs'.

9529648 Gordon In this project, the PI will carry out phase 2 of ARLINDO (Indonesian acronym for Indonesian Throughflow), called ARLINDO Circulation (AC). The objective is to study the circulation and water mass stratification within the Indonesian Seas in order to formulate a thorough description of the source, spreading patterns, inter-ocean transport and dominant mixing processes. AC is specifically aimed at resolving the throughflow transport and velocity field across the central passages of the Indonesian Seas, and extending hydrography to the eastern Banda Sea. Moorings are designed to measure the mean and variable current and thermohaline stratification. The lead PI in this award will provide overall guidance for the entire project, and carry out water mass analysis from the CTD hydrography. The Co-PI will oversee the deployment, recovery, and analysis of data from temperature pods, particularly to determine the role and importance of internal waves in both mixing and transport of the throughflow water.

Start and end dates not known at this time [2020-06-11]

Barber 9312355: This project will investigate primary production and photosynthetic parameters during the course of a year in the monsoon dominated Arabian Sea. The project is a component of the U. S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) effort called the Arabian Sea Process Study. The Arabian Sea is a low latitude oceanic region with strong and reversing monsoon winds together with relatively modest seasonal variability in solar radiation and sea surface temperature. The strong episodic wind forcing is accompanied by large changes in nutrients and massive phytoplankton blooms with high primary productivity. The objectives of the project are to 1) determine the seasonal and spatial pattern of variability of primary production using in situ and deck incubations in order to understand the processes that control both total production and export production; 2) determine the seasonal and spatial pattern of the photosynthetic parameters incubations to understand the effect of environmental covariables such as nutrients on these parameters; and 3) use the newly determined photosynthetic parameters in bio-optical models to improve estimates of primary production and compare these model estimates with our direct observations of primary production.

MARRA 9311255 This proposal is a continuing effort of to collect and process data on optics and pigment distribution by combining the efforts of JGOFS and the Word Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Program (WHP). The program will operate a bio-optical profiler to collect data on the biological and optical properties of the upper water column. Data to collected include spectral irradiance (7 channels each of upwelling and downwelling ), broad-band visible irradiance (PAR), fluorescence, and beam transmission. This is perhaps the first undertaking of a systematic and consistent data collection on the oceans pigment and optical properties, and would be invaluable in improving algorithms for satellite imaging of ocean pigments and in estimating primary production.

9311244 Goericke The U.S. Arabian Sea JGOFS program offers the unique opportunity to study the response of an oceanic ecosystem to strong and seasonally predictable physical forcing in an environment with strong spatial gradients. Biological conditions in the Arabian Sea vary from extreme oligotrophy to extreme eutrophy. Primary production and concentrations of chlorophyll a, for example, change by one to two orders of magnitude over space and time. We propose to study the effects of the seasonally varying physical forcing on the phytoplankton community as a whole and on individual populations of microalgae, using primarily pigment-based methods. We will test the hypothesis, suggested by data from other environments, that phytoplankton community structure and growth rates during most of the year. The exception is the area off Oman during the SW monsoon when oceanic upwelling occurs. At this time the community is expected to be dominated by diatoms growing at high rates. Phytoplankton community structure will be monitored by measuring the concentration of taxon-specific chlorophylls and carotenoids by high-pressure liquid chromatography. It is proposed to carry out these analyses as part of the JGOFS core measurements. Using the pigment 14c-labeling method we propose to measure phytoplankton carbon-biomass, phytoplankton growth rates and taxon-specific growth rates to study the physiological response of the phytoplankton community to the seasonally varying physical forcing. Carbon to Chl a ratios will be calculated from phytoplankton biomass and chl a and used to calculated seasonal maps of phytoplankton carbon-biomass for the Arabian Sea from remotely sensed ocean and biomass will allow us to determine factors which control the growth and abundance of the individual phytoplankton population, such as coccolithophores or prochlorophytes, and their contribution to carbon cycling in this environment.

9311312 BIDIGARE The northern Arabian Sea exhibits regular, predictable oscillations in phytoplankton biomass and production driven by monsoonal atmospheric forcing. In this project, the principal investigator will characterize phytoplankton pigment distributions during the Arabian Sea Process Study (ASPS) using state-of-the-art high- performance liquid chromatography (HLPC) methods. There are four major research objectives. Seasonal and spatial pigment data will be used (1) to document phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophyll-a) and species composition of pigments and other variables and (4) use the model to estimate time-and-depth-dependent rates of primary production. This work will complement the efforts of other ASPS investigators studying phytoplankton dynamics both by water column sampling and via satellite imagery.

The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) of the spring bloom in the North Atlantic will begin in 1989. This study will be conducted along longitude 20oW from the beginning of April through August. The significance of this first U.S. JGOFS experiment revolves around the large biological signals in the plankton and the hypothesized importance of these large signals to the overall yield of the system. This is a Level-1 component of the U.S. contribution to JGOFS for the measurement of primary production during the processes-oriented cruises of the North Atlantic Experiment. Primary production measurements will be conducted in situ, using metal-clean techniques.

95-30611 MARRA This research project is part of the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Southern Ocean Program aimed at (1) a better understanding of the fluxes of carbon, both organic and inorganic, in the Southern Ocean, (2) identifying the physical, ecological and biogeochemical factors and processes which regulate the magnitude and variability of these fluxes, and (3) placing these fluxes into the context of the contemporary global carbon cycle. The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) has had three successful field efforts (North Atlantic, Equatorial Pacific, Arabian Sea), and the next major field effort will be in the Southern Ocean. The overall objectives of JGOFS are to quantify and understand processes controlling the time-varying fluxes of carbon and associated biogenic elements, and to predict the response of marine biogeochemical processes to climate change. The Southern Ocean is critical to the global carbon cycle, as judged by its size and the physical process which occur there (e.g., deep and intermediate water formation), but its present quantitative role is uncertain. In order to address the objectives of USJGOFS successfully, the measurement of primary production is required for all process cruises planned for the Southern Ocean Study. Three methods will be employed: in situ incubations, deck incubations, and the photosynthesis-irradiance response. The areas of study will be the continental shelf of the Ross Sea, and the Polar Front region to the north of the Ross Sea. The controls on photosynthesis will also be investigated. It is hypothesized that on the continental shelf, irradiance limitation is the major factor controlling phytoplankton productivity, whereas in the Polar Front region, the availability of iron limits phytoplankton growth and influences the size distribution of the populations. The productivity data in conjunction with hydrographic data, will form a large part of the Southern Ocean JGOFS database which bot h at-sea investigators and modelers will use to clarify the role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle.

95-31981 BARBER This research project is part of the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Southern Ocean Program aimed at (1) a better understanding of the fluxes of carbon, both organic and inorganic, in the Southern Ocean, (2) identifying the physical, ecological and biogeochemical factors and processes which regulate the magnitude and variability of these fluxes, and (3) placing these fluxes into the context of the contemporary global carbon cycle. The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) has had three successful field efforts (North Atlantic, Equatorial Pacific, Arabian Sea), and the next major field effort will be in the Southern Ocean. The overall objectives of JGOFS are to quantify and understand processes controlling the time-varying fluxes of carbon and associated biogenic elements, and to predict the response of marine biogeochemical processes to climate change. The Southern Ocean is critical to the global carbon cycle, as judged by its size and the physical process which occur there (e.g., deep and intermediate water formation), but its present quantitative role is uncertain. In order to address the objectives of USJGOFS successfully, the measurement of primary production is required for all process cruises planned for the Southern Ocean Study. Three methods will be employed: in situ incubations, deck incubations, and the photosynthesis-irradiance response. The areas of study will be the continental shelf of the Ross Sea, and the Polar Front region to the north of the Ross Sea. The controls on photosynthesis will also be investigated. It is hypothesized that on the continental shelf, irradiance limitation is the major factor controlling phytoplankton productivity, whereas in the Polar Front region, the availability of iron limits phytoplankton growth and influences the size distribution of the populations. The productivity data in conjunction with hydrographic data, will form a large part of the Southern Ocean JGOFS database which bo th at-sea investigators and modelers will use to clarify the role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle.

The Marine Light-Mixed Layers (MLML) experiments took place in the subarctic North Atlantic Ocean, approximately 275 miles south of Reykjavik, Iceland, during 1989 and 1991. The 1991 field program took place from April 30 to September 6 and included a central surface mooring to document the temporal evolution of physical, biological, and optical properties. In this paper we describe the physical variability observed at the 1991 mooring site, concentrating on the vertical structure of temperature and velocity in the upper 300 m of the water column and their changes in response to heat and momentum fluxes at the sea surface. The deployment period included the spring transition, when upper ocean re stratification was initiated after deep winter mixing, and the fall transition, when mixed layer deepening began again. The dominant signal in temperature was seasonal variation, with a 6°C increase observed at the sea surface from May to August. Prior to development of the seasonal stratification, a period dominated by near-surface temperature variability was observed in association with a 15-day mean flux of only 20 W m−2 into the ocean. Pronounced day/night oscillations of heat flux during this period resulted in alternating development and destruction of stratification and intense diurnal cycling of the mixed layer depth. A qualitative comparison of the observed temperature structure to the prediction of a one-dimensional mixed layer model showed that local processes dominated during the initiation of restratification and during most of the summer warming period. Nonlocal processes were important after the fall transition

The diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, Kd(490), is one of the standard ocean data products of the Earth Observing System (EOS), which represents an important component of the Earth Data Records (EDR). Traditionally, and even today, its derivation from satellite ocean color measurements takes the same approach as that for producing chlorophyll-a concentration ([Chl]), i.e. using the blue-green ratios of remote- sensing reflectance (Rrs) as the sole input to empirically generate the desired product. Such an approach is generally appropriate for deriving [Chl] in oceanic (or Case-1) waters, but is subject to inherent ambiguity and errors for Kd(490) for both oceanic and coastal waters. This is because that the diffuse attenuation coefficient is an apparent optical property, i.e. it varies with sun angle, while [Chl] does not. We propose to upgrade this attenuation product from two aspects: 1) remove the sun-angle related ambiguity, and 2) improve data quality through a retrieval system based on the radiative transfer theory. To achieve this upgrade, we propose to generate the normalized diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, nKd(490), from the Rrs products provided by Suomi NPP VIIRS. nKd(490) is defined as the diffuse attenuation coefficient for the Sun at zenith with a black sky, which matches the definition of the normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) for satellite ocean color missions. This nKd(490) product is thus not only clear in its representation, but also facilitates its evaluation with field measurements. In addition, because nKd(490) will be produced through a mechanistic system rooted in the radiative transfer theory, this product will have higher science quality for the global oceans, in particular for turbid coastal waters. Furthermore, because the semi-analytical system takes a step-wise approach for the calculation of nKd(490), an uncertainty map of the nKd(490) product will also be generated via the error-propagation theory. The results from this effort will provide data products important not only to support the decadal continuity of the EDR, but also to study Earth from space to advance scientific understanding and meet societal needs.

The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.

The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).

The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.

The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).

The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.

The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).

The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology that inform on and advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The overall program goals are to promote, plan, and coordinate collaborative, multidisciplinary research opportunities within the U.S. research community and with international partners. Important OCB-related activities currently include: the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change (OCCC) and the North American Carbon Program (NACP); U.S. contributions to IMBER, SOLAS, CARBOOCEAN; and numerous U.S. single-investigator and medium-size research projects funded by U.S. federal agencies including NASA, NOAA, and NSF.

The scientific mission of OCB is to study the evolving role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, in the face of environmental variability and change through studies of marine biogeochemical cycles and associated ecosystems.

The overarching OCB science themes include improved understanding and prediction of: 1) oceanic uptake and release of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases and 2) environmental sensitivities of biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems, and interactions between the two.

The OCB Research Priorities (updated January 2012) include: ocean acidification; terrestrial/coastal carbon fluxes and exchanges; climate sensitivities of and change in ecosystem structure and associated impacts on biogeochemical cycles; mesopelagic ecological and biogeochemical interactions; benthic-pelagic feedbacks on biogeochemical cycles; ocean carbon uptake and storage; and expanding low-oxygen conditions in the coastal and open oceans.

The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.

The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).

The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.

The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).

The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.

The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).

The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.

The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).