Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

This dataset includes catalog numbers, GenBank accession numbers, and key details for specimens collected during cruises AT37-13 (2017), AT42-03 (2018), and FK190106 (2019) and vouchered in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Benthic Invertebrate Collection.

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography Benthic Invertebrate Collection (SIO-BIC) specimen holdings are publicly available in DarwinCore format via GBIF, but please note that this version is updated infrequently: https://www.gbif.org/dataset/a267b6a7-91f9-457c-889a-481e7aa920b6

For the most up-to-date version of this dataset, please use the SIO-BIC searchable database: https://sioapps.ucsd.edu/collections/bi/. This database is updated at least weekly to reflect corrections, updated identifications, new GenBank accession numbers, and newly added specimens.

Samples were collected using the deep-sea submersibles HOV Alvin (cruise AT37-13 in 2017; cruise AT42-03 in 2018) or ROV SuBastian (cruise FK190106 in 2019). Sampling instruments used by the deep-sea submersibles include: manipulator arm, scoops, suction sampler (also known as a "slurp"; suctions material into an enclosed chamber), mussel pot (stainless steel pot with a twistable handle connected to a Kevlar bag insert; used for quantitative sampling of deep-sea mussel beds), and Bushmaster (hydraulic rods surrounding a fine mesh; original instrument developed at Penn State University for quantitative sampling of deep-sea tubeworms).

Live specimens were relaxed with an appropriate agent (e.g. 7% MgCl2 in fresh water, menthol) and photographed. For genetic analysis, specimens were preserved whole or subsampled into 95% ethanol, RNAlater, and/or liquid nitrogen. Whole or partial specimens serving as morphological vouchers were fixed in 10% seawater formalin for at least 24 hours, then rinsed with fresh water and transferred to 50% ethanol for long-term archival. For certain taxa, e.g. echinoderms and crustaceans, vouchers were treated with 95% ethanol instead of formalin. Selected specimens were treated with paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or osmium tetroxide for histology and electron microscopy.

Data Processing:
Data were organized using FileMaker Pro 12.

BCO-DMO Processing:
- replaced commas with semi-colons throughout dataset.

NSF abstract:
If life were to disappear from the deep sea, would we notice? We only have a cursory understanding of this vast region and the connectivity among its communities and the rest of the oceans, and yet the ecosystems of the deep sea have been implicated in the larger function of the global marine ecosystems. We now rely on the deep ocean for food, energy, novel drugs and materials, and for its role in the global cycling of carbon, as well as for supporting services such as habitat creation, nutrient replenishment for shallow waters, and the maintenance of biodiversity. Cold seeps, active areas of the seafloor where methane and other chemicals are released, are key features along the continental margins worldwide. To characterize how methane seep communities interact with the surrounding ecosystems and vice versa, we will study methane seeps off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica in 2017 and 2018. It is the sphere of influence around the seep, both along the seafloor and up into the water column, that we seek to better understand. We will map the structure and the chemistry surrounding these habitats using a novel 3-dimensional framework, combining typical transects with vertical characterizations of the water column just above the seafloor. This will include measurements of methane flux into the water column and changes in the overlying carbonate chemistry and oxygen levels that are critical to our understanding of the effect of warming, oxygen loss and ocean acidification in this region. Within this framework, we will collect seep organisms in sediments and on rocks (including all sizes from microbes to large animals), and transplant some of these from within the area of seep influence to the background deep sea, and vice-versa. Together, these studies will help us to measure the size of the seep sphere of influence, and also demonstrate the role of these seeps within the deep sea and the greater, global, marine ecosystem. We will share this information with a group of teachers during a series of workshops in the San Diego area, at an exhibit at the Birch Aquarium, and through the work of an artist who has worked extensively with marine organisms in extreme environments.

Chemosynthetic ecosystems are inextricably linked to the broader world-ocean biome and global biogeochemical cycles in ways that we are just beginning to understand. This research will identify the form, extent, and nature of the physical, chemical, and biological linkages between methane seeps and the surrounding deep-sea ecosystem. The proposed research builds critical understanding of the structural and functional processes that underpin the ecosystem services provided by chemosynthetic ecosystems. We target a critical continental margin, Costa Rica, where methane fates and dynamics loom large and play out in an setting that reflects many oceanographic stressors. We will use quantitative sampling and manipulative studies within a 3-dimensional oceanographic framework. We will ask what are the shapes of the diversity and density functions for organisms of different size classes and trophic position over the transition from the seep habitat through the ecotone to the background deep sea? Further, we will ask how do depth, dissolved oxygen concentrations, pH and carbonate ion availability, relative rates of fluid flux, and substrate (biogenic, authigenic carbonate, sediments) alter these linkages and interactions with the surrounding deep sea? Evidence for distinct transitional communities and biotic patterns in density and alpha and beta diversity will be quantified and placed in a global biogeographic context. All of these investigations will occur across biological size spectra: for microorganisms (archaea, bacteria, microeukaryotes), the macrofauna, and the megafauna that form biogenic habitats. Our research results will be interpreted in the context of potential effects of global ocean change in the equatorial Pacific to determine how the linkages with the surrounding deep sea will be altered as anthropogenic impacts proceed in the future. 

Related publications:
Levin, L.A., V.J. Orphan, G.W. Rouse, W. Ussler, A. E. Rathburn, G. S. Cook, S. Goffredi, E. Perez, A. Waren, B. Grupe, G. Chadwick, B. Strickrott. (2012). A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: Middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems. Proc. Royal Soc. B. 279: 2580-88 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0205

Sahling, H., Masson, D. G., Ranero, C. R., Hühnerbach, V., Weinrebe, W., Klaucke, I., & Suess, E. (2008). Fluid seepage at the continental margin offshore Costa Rica and southern Nicaragua. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9: doi: 10.1029/2008GC001978