Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

Location:  Pacific coast of Costa Rica

Sampling and analytical procedures:

AUV Sentry was deployed on two R/V Atlantis cruises in May-June 2017 and October-November 2018 off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica to capture seafloor images of predetermined transects along with their associated coordinates and environmental conditions. Visual assessment of each photo was undertaken, and biogenic habitat forming species presence was recorded, as well as carbonate rock presence for sessile species attachment.

Photos were processed visually at Temple University, PA, USA. The "proc" format of the photos were analyzed "color corrected and smoothed color TIFF photos" (see https://ndsf.whoi.edu/sentry/using-sentry/data-products/).

Instruments:
The AUV houses several sensors, including a Seapoint optical backscatter sensor for turbidity, an Anderaa optode 4330 dissolved oxygen sensor, and a Seabird SBE49 CTD probe for salinity, temperature and depth monitoring. Finally, a NOAA PMEL oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) probe was attached to the AUV as a proxy measure for methane seepage

BCO-DMO Data Manager Processing Notes:
* All sheets from "Excel file BCO-DMO data submission- Sentry presence absence.xlsx" imported into the BCO-DMO data system and combined into one table. Each sheet was one dive of data.
* Date column had variable format so made all ISO8601 format yyyy-mm-dd
* ISO_DateTime_UTC and dive_image_number columns added from information in the sentry image name.
* Column names renamed to match BCO-DMO naming conventions (spaces and slashes changed to underscores, units removed from column name). Unit information is available in the parameter section of the metadata.
* Issue in sheet 432 of the original excel file starting at row 9861 to the end of the sheet.  The issue seems to be the "f" of the filename (the .tif part) seems to be missing and it instead is in the Depth (m) column so the values for depth look like "f  990.56222744119".  The imagenames were corrected to end in .tif instead of .ti and removed the "f " preceding the depths.
* In sheet 502 row 7789 of the original excel file, (row for image sentry.20181021.104425422155.7861.tif) there was an issue where the latitude value was "7   8.9307818665541". The "7 " was removed in this dataset.
* Depth and Altitude columns rounded to two decimal places.
* Latitude and longitude rounded to 5 decimal places.

NSF abstract:
If life were to disappear from the deep sea, would we notice? We only have a cursory understanding of this vast region and the connectivity among its communities and the rest of the oceans, and yet the ecosystems of the deep sea have been implicated in the larger function of the global marine ecosystems. We now rely on the deep ocean for food, energy, novel drugs and materials, and for its role in the global cycling of carbon, as well as for supporting services such as habitat creation, nutrient replenishment for shallow waters, and the maintenance of biodiversity. Cold seeps, active areas of the seafloor where methane and other chemicals are released, are key features along the continental margins worldwide. To characterize how methane seep communities interact with the surrounding ecosystems and vice versa, we will study methane seeps off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica in 2017 and 2018. It is the sphere of influence around the seep, both along the seafloor and up into the water column, that we seek to better understand. We will map the structure and the chemistry surrounding these habitats using a novel 3-dimensional framework, combining typical transects with vertical characterizations of the water column just above the seafloor. This will include measurements of methane flux into the water column and changes in the overlying carbonate chemistry and oxygen levels that are critical to our understanding of the effect of warming, oxygen loss and ocean acidification in this region. Within this framework, we will collect seep organisms in sediments and on rocks (including all sizes from microbes to large animals), and transplant some of these from within the area of seep influence to the background deep sea, and vice-versa. Together, these studies will help us to measure the size of the seep sphere of influence, and also demonstrate the role of these seeps within the deep sea and the greater, global, marine ecosystem. We will share this information with a group of teachers during a series of workshops in the San Diego area, at an exhibit at the Birch Aquarium, and through the work of an artist who has worked extensively with marine organisms in extreme environments.

Chemosynthetic ecosystems are inextricably linked to the broader world-ocean biome and global biogeochemical cycles in ways that we are just beginning to understand. This research will identify the form, extent, and nature of the physical, chemical, and biological linkages between methane seeps and the surrounding deep-sea ecosystem. The proposed research builds critical understanding of the structural and functional processes that underpin the ecosystem services provided by chemosynthetic ecosystems. We target a critical continental margin, Costa Rica, where methane fates and dynamics loom large and play out in an setting that reflects many oceanographic stressors. We will use quantitative sampling and manipulative studies within a 3-dimensional oceanographic framework. We will ask what are the shapes of the diversity and density functions for organisms of different size classes and trophic position over the transition from the seep habitat through the ecotone to the background deep sea? Further, we will ask how do depth, dissolved oxygen concentrations, pH and carbonate ion availability, relative rates of fluid flux, and substrate (biogenic, authigenic carbonate, sediments) alter these linkages and interactions with the surrounding deep sea? Evidence for distinct transitional communities and biotic patterns in density and alpha and beta diversity will be quantified and placed in a global biogeographic context. All of these investigations will occur across biological size spectra: for microorganisms (archaea, bacteria, microeukaryotes), the macrofauna, and the megafauna that form biogenic habitats. Our research results will be interpreted in the context of potential effects of global ocean change in the equatorial Pacific to determine how the linkages with the surrounding deep sea will be altered as anthropogenic impacts proceed in the future. 

Related publications:
Levin, L.A., V.J. Orphan, G.W. Rouse, W. Ussler, A. E. Rathburn, G. S. Cook, S. Goffredi, E. Perez, A. Waren, B. Grupe, G. Chadwick, B. Strickrott. (2012). A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: Middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems. Proc. Royal Soc. B. 279: 2580-88 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0205

Sahling, H., Masson, D. G., Ranero, C. R., Hühnerbach, V., Weinrebe, W., Klaucke, I., & Suess, E. (2008). Fluid seepage at the continental margin offshore Costa Rica and southern Nicaragua. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9: doi: 10.1029/2008GC001978