| Contributors | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Troy, Cary | Purdue University | Principal Investigator, Contact |
| Bootsma, Harvey | University of Wisconsin (UW-Milwaukee) | Co-Principal Investigator |
| Cannon, David | Purdue University | Co-Principal Investigator |
| Liao, Qian | University of Wisconsin (UW-Milwaukee) | Co-Principal Investigator |
| Soenen, Karen | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) | BCO-DMO Data Manager |
A fixed mooring was established to measure water column velocities in Lake Michigan near Milwaukee (12 km northeast of Milwaukee Harbor), WI, during 2017 from Aug 1 – Aug 17, 2017 at a 55m depth site. Site coordinates: 43o 5.7010’ N, 87o 46.2809’W. Neeskay cruise 1 Station AT55.
The mooring involved a large tripod, upon which three velocimeters (Nortek Vector, Nortek Aquadopp HR profiler, Nortek Signature 500) were mounted to measure water column velocities between 13cm and 5139cm above the bed.
ADCPs were used to sample current velocities at sample rates between 2 and 16 Hz, with the Nortek Signature 500 (323cm – 5139cm above bed, 1m bin size, 4Hz sample rate) measuring continuously and the Nortek Aquadopp HR Profiler (20.9cm – 116.9cm above bed, 2cm cell size) burst sampling for ~8.5minutes every 10 minutes. The Nortek Vector measured velocities at 13cm above the bed continuously at 16Hz, with a sample volume of 14.9mm and a nominal velocity range of 10cm/s.
Data were successfully downloaded from instruments. No problems were detected with the measurements.
All velocity data was averaged over 10 minutes of sampling before being interpolated onto a common time vector. Individual instrument accuracies, ranges, and resolutions are included in the attached file (ADCP_METADATA.xlsx).
All data were quality controlled according to manufacturer recommendations and measurements with poor amplitudes, correlations, and signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios were removed before averaging. Additional details are included in the attached file (ADCP_METADATA.xlsx).
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
| File |
|---|
adcp_2017_rework.csv (Comma Separated Values (.csv), 12.28 MB) MD5:f0101ac12ee048a02b1ecf19581905ae Primary data file for dataset ID 856488 |
| File |
|---|
ADCP Metadata filename: ADCP_METADATA.xlsx (Octet Stream, 418.32 KB) MD5:34f6d701efc4b4146d4cc6c07286480f Additional description of the sampling procedure of the 2017 ADCP data acquired in Lake Michigan. |
| Parameter | Description | Units |
| Latitude | Latitude of sampling location | decimal degrees |
| Longitude | Longitude of sampling location | decimal degrees |
| ISO_DateTime_UTC | Time of sample in ISO format, UTC timezone | unitless |
| N_13cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 13 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_21cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 21 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_23cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 23 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_25cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 25 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_27cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 27 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_29cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 29 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_31cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 31 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_33cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 33 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_35cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 35 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_37cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 37 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_39cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 39 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_41cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 41 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_43cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 43 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_45cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 45 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_47cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 47 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_49cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 49 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_51cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 51 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_53cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 53 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_55cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 55 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_57cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 57 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_59cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 59 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_61cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 61 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_63cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 63 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_65cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 65 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_67cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 67 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_69cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 69 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_71cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 71 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_73cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 73 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_75cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 75 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_77cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 77 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_79cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 79 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_81cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 81 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_83cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 83 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_85cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 85 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_87cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 87 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_89cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 89 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_91cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 91 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_93cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 93 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_95cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 95 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_97cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 97 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_99cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 99 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_101cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 101 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_103cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 103 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_105cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 105 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_107cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 107 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_109cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 109 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_111cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 111 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_113cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 113 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_115cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 115 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_117cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 117 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_323cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 323 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_339cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_439cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_539cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_639cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_739cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_839cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_939cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1039cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1139cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1239cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1339cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1439cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1539cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1639cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1739cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1839cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_1939cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 1939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2039cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2139cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2239cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2339cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2439cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2539cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2639cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2739cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2839cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_2939cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 2939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3039cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3139cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3239cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3339cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3439cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3539cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3639cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3739cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3839cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_3939cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 3939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4039cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4139cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4239cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4339cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4439cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4539cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4639cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4739cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4839cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_4939cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 4939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_5039cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 5039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| N_5139cm | North component of average water column velocities measured at 5139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the north. | m/s |
| E_13cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 13 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_21cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 21 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_23cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 23 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_25cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 25 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_27cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 27 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_29cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 29 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_31cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 31 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_33cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 33 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_35cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 35 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_37cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 37 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_39cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 39 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_41cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 41 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_43cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 43 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_45cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 45 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_47cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 47 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_49cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 49 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_51cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 51 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_53cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 53 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_55cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 55 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_57cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 57 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_59cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 59 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_61cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 61 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_63cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 63 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_65cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 65 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_67cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 67 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_69cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 69 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_71cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 71 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_73cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 73 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_75cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 75 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_77cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 77 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_79cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 79 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_81cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 81 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_83cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 83 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_85cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 85 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_87cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 87 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_89cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 89 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_91cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 91 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_93cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 93 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_95cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 95 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_97cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 97 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_99cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 99 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_101cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 101 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_103cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 103 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_105cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 105 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_107cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 107 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_109cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 109 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_111cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 111 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_113cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 113 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_115cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 115 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_117cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 117 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_323cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 323 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_339cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_439cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_539cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_639cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_739cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_839cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_939cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1039cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1139cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1239cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1339cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1439cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1539cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1639cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1739cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1839cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_1939cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 1939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2039cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2139cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2239cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2339cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2439cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2539cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2639cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2739cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2839cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_2939cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 2939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3039cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3139cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3239cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3339cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3439cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3539cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3639cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3739cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3839cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_3939cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 3939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4039cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4139cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4239cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4339cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4439cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4539cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4639cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4739cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4839cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_4939cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 4939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_5039cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 5039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| E_5139cm | East component of average water column velocities measured at 5139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the east. | m/s |
| U_13cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 13 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_21cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 21 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_23cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 23 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_25cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 25 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_27cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 27 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_29cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 29 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_31cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 31 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_33cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 33 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_35cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 35 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_37cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 37 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_39cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 39 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_41cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 41 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_43cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 43 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_45cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 45 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_47cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 47 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_49cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 49 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_51cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 51 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_53cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 53 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_55cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 55 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_57cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 57 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_59cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 59 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_61cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 61 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_63cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 63 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_65cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 65 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_67cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 67 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_69cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 69 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_71cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 71 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_73cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 73 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_75cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 75 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_77cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 77 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_79cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 79 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_81cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 81 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_83cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 83 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_85cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 85 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_87cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 87 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_89cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 89 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_91cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 91 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_93cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 93 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_95cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 95 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_97cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 97 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_99cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 99 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_101cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 101 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_103cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 103 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_105cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 105 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_107cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 107 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_109cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 109 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_111cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 111 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_113cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 113 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_115cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 115 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_117cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 117 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_323cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 323 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_339cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_439cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_539cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_639cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_739cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_839cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_939cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1039cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1139cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1239cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1339cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1439cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1539cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1639cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1739cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1839cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_1939cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 1939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2039cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2139cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2239cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2339cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2439cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2539cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2639cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2739cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2839cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_2939cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 2939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3039cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3139cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3239cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3339cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3439cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3539cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3639cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3739cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3839cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_3939cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 3939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4039cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4139cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4239cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4239 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4339cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4339 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4439cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4439 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4539cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4539 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4639cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4639 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4739cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4739 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4839cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4839 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_4939cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 4939 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_5039cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 5039 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| U_5139cm | Upward component of average water column velocities measured at 5139 cm above the bed. Measurements are defined positive (+) when velocities are moving toward the surface. | m/s |
| Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Nortek Signature 500 |
| Generic Instrument Name | Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler |
| Dataset-specific Description | Nortek Signature 500 |
| Generic Instrument Description | The ADCP measures water currents with sound, using a principle of sound waves called the Doppler effect. A sound wave has a higher frequency, or pitch, when it moves to you than when it moves away. You hear the Doppler effect in action when a car speeds past with a characteristic building of sound that fades when the car passes. The ADCP works by transmitting "pings" of sound at a constant frequency into the water. (The pings are so highly pitched that humans and even dolphins can't hear them.) As the sound waves travel, they ricochet off particles suspended in the moving water, and reflect back to the instrument. Due to the Doppler effect, sound waves bounced back from a particle moving away from the profiler have a slightly lowered frequency when they return. Particles moving toward the instrument send back higher frequency waves. The difference in frequency between the waves the profiler sends out and the waves it receives is called the Doppler shift. The instrument uses this shift to calculate how fast the particle and the water around it are moving. Sound waves that hit particles far from the profiler take longer to come back than waves that strike close by. By measuring the time it takes for the waves to bounce back and the Doppler shift, the profiler can measure current speed at many different depths with each series of pings. (More from WHOI instruments listing). |
| Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Nortek Aquadopp HR Profiler |
| Generic Instrument Name | Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler |
| Dataset-specific Description | Nortek Aquadopp HR Profiler |
| Generic Instrument Description | The ADCP measures water currents with sound, using a principle of sound waves called the Doppler effect. A sound wave has a higher frequency, or pitch, when it moves to you than when it moves away. You hear the Doppler effect in action when a car speeds past with a characteristic building of sound that fades when the car passes. The ADCP works by transmitting "pings" of sound at a constant frequency into the water. (The pings are so highly pitched that humans and even dolphins can't hear them.) As the sound waves travel, they ricochet off particles suspended in the moving water, and reflect back to the instrument. Due to the Doppler effect, sound waves bounced back from a particle moving away from the profiler have a slightly lowered frequency when they return. Particles moving toward the instrument send back higher frequency waves. The difference in frequency between the waves the profiler sends out and the waves it receives is called the Doppler shift. The instrument uses this shift to calculate how fast the particle and the water around it are moving. Sound waves that hit particles far from the profiler take longer to come back than waves that strike close by. By measuring the time it takes for the waves to bounce back and the Doppler shift, the profiler can measure current speed at many different depths with each series of pings. (More from WHOI instruments listing). |
| Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Nortek Vector |
| Generic Instrument Name | Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler |
| Dataset-specific Description | Nortek Vector |
| Generic Instrument Description | The ADCP measures water currents with sound, using a principle of sound waves called the Doppler effect. A sound wave has a higher frequency, or pitch, when it moves to you than when it moves away. You hear the Doppler effect in action when a car speeds past with a characteristic building of sound that fades when the car passes. The ADCP works by transmitting "pings" of sound at a constant frequency into the water. (The pings are so highly pitched that humans and even dolphins can't hear them.) As the sound waves travel, they ricochet off particles suspended in the moving water, and reflect back to the instrument. Due to the Doppler effect, sound waves bounced back from a particle moving away from the profiler have a slightly lowered frequency when they return. Particles moving toward the instrument send back higher frequency waves. The difference in frequency between the waves the profiler sends out and the waves it receives is called the Doppler shift. The instrument uses this shift to calculate how fast the particle and the water around it are moving. Sound waves that hit particles far from the profiler take longer to come back than waves that strike close by. By measuring the time it takes for the waves to bounce back and the Doppler shift, the profiler can measure current speed at many different depths with each series of pings. (More from WHOI instruments listing). |
Overview:
While benthic filter feeders are known to influence plankton and nutrient dynamics in shallow marine and freshwater systems, their role is generally considered to be minor in large, deep systems. However, recent evidence indicates that profundal quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) have dramatically altered energy flow and nutrient cycling in the Laurentian Great Lakes and other larges aquatic systems, so that conventional nutrient-plankton paradigms no longer apply. Observed rates of phosphorus grazing by profundal quagga mussels in Lake Michigan exceed the passive settling rates by nearly an order of magnitude, even under stably stratified conditions. We hypothesize that the apparently enhanced particle deliver rate to the lake bottom results from high filtration capacity combined with vertical mixing processes that advect phytoplankton from the euphotic zone to the near-bottom layer. However, the role of hydrodynamics is unclear, because these processes are poorly characterized both within the hypolimnion as a whole and within the near-bottom layer. In addition, the implications for phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics are unclear, as mussels are also important nutrient recyclers. In the proposed interdisciplinary research project, state-of-the-art instruments and analytical tools will be deployed in Lake Michigan to quantify these critical dynamic processes, including boundary layer turbulence, mussel grazing, excretion and egestion, and benthic fluxes of carbon and phosphorus. Empirical data will be used to calibrate a 3D hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model to test our hypotheses.
Intellectual Merit:
This collaborative biophysical project is structured around two primary questions: 1) What role do profundal dreissenid mussels play in large lake carbon and nutrient cycles? 2) How are mussel grazing and the fate of nutrients recycled by mussels modulated by hydrodynamics at scales ranging from mm (benthic boundary layer) to meters (entire water column)? The project will improve the ability to model nutrient and carbon dynamics in coastal and lacustrine waters where benthic filter-feeders are a significant portion of the biota. By so doing, it will address the overarching question of how plankton and nutrient dynamics in large, deep lakes with abundant profundal filter feeders differ from the conventional paradigm described by previous models. Additionally, the project will quantify and characterize boundary layer turbulence for benthic boundary layers in large, deep lakes, including near-bed turbulence produced by benthic filter feeders.
Broader Impacts:
The project will provide new insight into the impacts of invasive dreissenid mussels, which are now threatening many large lakes and reservoirs across the United States. Dreissenid mussels appear to be responsible for a number of major changes that have occurred in the Great Lakes, including declines of pelagic plankton populations, declines in fish populations, and, ironically, nuisance algal blooms in the nearshore zone. As a result, conventional management models no longer apply, and managers are uncertain about appropriate nutrient loading targets and fish stocking levels. The data and models resulting from this project will help to guide those decisions. Additionally, the project will provide insight to bottom boundary layer physics, with applicability to other large lakes, atidal coastal seas, and the deep ocean. The project will leverage the collaboration and promote interdisciplinary education for undergraduate and graduate students from two universities (UW-Milwaukee and Purdue). The project will support 3 Ph.D. students and provide structured research experiences to undergraduates through a summer research program. The project will also promote education of future aquatic scientists by hosting a Biophysical Coupling Workshop for graduate students who participate in the annual IAGLR conferences, and the workshop lectures will be published for general access through ASLO e-Lectures and on an open-access project website.
Background publications are available at:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JC010506/full
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00348-012-1265-9
http://aslo.net/lomethods/free/2009/0169.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0380133015001458
Note: This is an NSF Collaborative Research Project.
| Funding Source | Award |
|---|---|
| NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) |