Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

Cast numbers in version 1 are [29, 31:40]

Cast numbers in version 2 are: [1:11, 13:17, 19, 29:44, 56:70, 72:74, 76:102, 19, 111:126, 128:129,  131:132, 140:160, 162:167, 172:175]

Location: New England Shelfbreak 40 S 71W depth : 0-2000m.

Twenty-four 10 L Niskin bottles fitted with Teflon-coated external closures were used for water column sampling. At each station, samples were typically collected at 12 discrete depths for assessment of nutrient concentrations. These samples were syringe-filtered and stored at -20°C  until analysis at the WHOI Nutrient Analytical Facility. Nitrate and silicate were measured using standard AutoAnalyzer techniques. To measure ammonium concentrations, site water was cartridge-filtered (0.1 µm, Pall Co.) directly from Niskin bottles using a peristaltic pump. Filtrate was collected in FalconTM tubes that were pre-treated with orthophthaldialdehyde (OPA) and measured on-board via the OPA method (Holmes et al., 1999) with a detection limit of 10 nM.

To measure particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, water was collected from the Niskin bottles and filtered through combusted 0.7 µm glass fiber filters (Whatman GF/F), rinsed with a weak acid (0.01 N HCl in seawater) to remove carbonates, then dried in combusted glass vials at 60 °C. Diatom biomass was assessed by sampling for biogenic silica. Samples were filtered through 0.6 µm polycarbonate filters, dried at 60°C in plastic Petri dishes, and dissolved in strong acid. 

For incubation-based primary productivity, water samples were taken from Niskin bottles at known isolumes, then placed in sterile 285 mL Qorpak bottles, then ~20 µCi NaH14CO3 was added. An on-deck incubator holding the bottles had surface seawater flowing through it, with irradiance attenuated by neutral density filters to the light levels at the isolumes sampled. Blue filters were used for isolumes below 30% Eo. After 24 h, samples were filtered through GFF filters and placed in 7 mL scintillation vials. Size fractionations were conducted at all stations using 20 µm Poretics filters on subsamples from each bottle. 100 µL 1N HCl was added to volatilize absorbed inorganic 14C. Ecolume (5 mL) was then added to each vial, and all vials were counted after 24 h on a liquid scintillation counter. Total activity was measured by counting 100 μL of non-acidified sample in β-phenethanylamine. 

CTD Sea-Bird Software:
* Data acquisition: SBE Seasave, version 7.23.2
* Data processing: SBE Data Processing, version 7.26.7.114

BCO-DMO data manager processing notes version 1 :
- added ISO_DateTime_UTC column
- Added cruise ID to the data
- Made longitude values negative to represent values west of the UTC line.

BCO-DMO data manager processing notes version 2 (replaces version 1):
* Data imported into the BCO-DMO dataset system from file ar29_bottle_data_Nov_2020.txt
* Constructed ISO_DateTime_UTC from year, month, day and time columns which were NMEA UTC times. 

NSF award abstract:

The continental shelf break of the Middle Atlantic Bight supports a productive and diverse ecosystem. Current paradigms suggest that this productivity is driven by several upwelling mechanisms at the shelf break front. This upwelling supplies nutrients that stimulate primary production by phytoplankton, which in turn leads to enhanced production at higher trophic levels. Although local enhancement of phytoplankton biomass has been observed in some circumstances, such a feature is curiously absent from time-averaged measurements, both from satellites and shipboard sampling. Why would there not be a mean enhancement in phytoplankton biomass as a result of the upwelling? One hypothesis is that grazing by zooplankton prevents accumulation of biomass on seasonal and longer time scales, transferring the excess production to higher trophic levels and thereby contributing to the overall productivity of the ecosystem. However, another possibility is that the net impact of these highly intermittent processes is not adequately represented in long-term means of the observations, because of the relatively low resolution of the in-water measurements and the fact that the frontal enhancement can take place below the depth observable by satellite. The deployment of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Pioneer Array south of New England has provided a unique opportunity to test these hypotheses. The combination of moored instrumentation and autonomous underwater vehicles will facilitate observations of the frontal system with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This will provide an ideal four-dimensional (space-time) context in which to conduct a detailed study of frontal dynamics and plankton communities needed to examine mechanisms controlling phytoplankton populations in this frontal system. This project will also: (1) promote teaching, training and learning via participation of graduate and undergraduate students in the research , (2) provide a broad dissemination of information by means of outreach in public forums, printed media, and a video documentary of the field work, and (3) contribute to improving societal well-being and increased economic competitiveness by providing the knowledge needed for science-based stewardship of coastal ecosystems, with particular emphasis on connecting with the fishing industry through the Commercial Fisheries Research Foundation.

The investigators will conduct a set of three cruises to obtain cross-shelf sections of physical, chemical, and biological properties within the Pioneer Array. Nutrient distributions will be assayed together with hydrography to detect the signature of frontal upwelling and associated nutrient supply. The investigators expect that enhanced nutrient supply will lead to changes in the phytoplankton assemblage, which will be quantified with conventional flow cytometry, imaging flow cytometry (Imaging FlowCytobot, IFCB), optical imaging (Video Plankton Recorder, VPR), traditional microscopic methods, and pigment analysis. Zooplankton will be measured in size classes ranging from micro- to mesozooplankton with the IFCB and VPR, respectively, and also with microscopic analysis. Biological responses to upwelling will be assessed by measuring rates of primary productivity, zooplankton grazing, and net community production. These observations will be synthesized in the context of a coupled physical-biological model to test the two hypotheses that can potentially explain prior observations: (1) grazer-mediated control and (2) undersampling. Hindcast simulations will also be used to diagnose the relative importance of the various mechanisms of upwelling. The intellectual merit of this effort stems from our interdisciplinary approach, advanced observational techniques, and integrated analysis in the context of a state-of-the-art coupled model. The project will address longstanding questions regarding hydrodynamics and productivity of an important ecosystem, leading to improved understanding of physical-biological interactions in a complex continental shelf regime. Given the importance of frontal systems in the global coastal ocean, it is expected that knowledge gained will have broad applicability beyond the specific region being studied.