This dataset includes concentrations of dissolved (<0.2 micrometers (µm)) manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in surface (~2 meters) samples collected between 15 August 2018 and 6 September 2018 during the EXports Processes in the Oceans from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) cruise aboard R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR1813 at Ocean Station PAPA (Station P).

Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Supplemental Files
• Related Publications
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Program Information
• Funding

Surface (~2 meters) water samples for dissolved trace metal concentrations were collected using a custom trace metal clean "towfish" sampling system (Mellett and Buck 2020) on the R/V Roger Revelle between 18 August and 6 September 2018 (during cruise RR1813). A total of 24 samples were filtered (<0.2 micrometers, Pall Acropak) inline, collected in acid-cleaned 125-milliliter low-density polyethylene (LDPE, Nalgene) bottles, and acidified to 0.024 M hydrochloric acid (HCl, Fisher Optima). Dissolved trace metal (Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) concentrations were determined by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) at the University of South Florida (Hollister et al. 2020). 

Samples were collected at sea by Ph.D. student Travis Mellett (USF) and Dr. Salvatore Caprara (USF). Sample analyses for dissolved trace metals were performed by Shannon Burns (USF) with assistance from Dr. Salvatore Caprara (USF). 

Data Processing:
Data processing was done with ESI SC version 2.9.0.380. 

Data Quality Flags:
The standard Ocean Data View (ODV) / SeaDataNet qualifying flags were used (reference all flags at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L20/current/).

1: Good Value: Good quality data value that is not part of any identified malfunction and has been verified as consistent with real phenomena during the quality control process. [Used when replicates were in good agreement].
2: Probably Good Value: Data value that is probably consistent with real phenomena but this is unconfirmed. [Used when data is oceanographically consistent but no replicates.]
3: Probably Bad Value: Data value recognized as unusual during quality control that forms part of a feature that is probably inconsistent with real phenomena. [Used when data not oceanographically consistent but replicate analyses agreed.]
4: Bad Value: An obviously erroneous data value. [Used when replicates did not agree].
5: Changed Value: Data value adjusted during quality control. [Not used].
6: Value Below Detection Limit: The level of the measured phenomenon was too small to be quantified by the technique employed to measure it. Values are replaced with ‘nd’ for ‘not detectable’. [See Table 1 for detection limits.]
7: Value in Excess: The level of the measured phenomenon was too large to be quantified by the technique employed to measure it. The accompanying value is the measurement limit for the technique. [Not used].
8: Interpolated Value: This value has been derived by interpolation from other values in the data object. [Not used].
9: Missing Value: The data value is missing. Any accompanying value will be a magic number representing absent data. [Not used].
A: Value Phenomenon Uncertain: There is uncertainty in the description of the measured phenomenon associated with the value such as chemical species or biological entity. [Not used.]

Description of Table 1 (see Supplemental Files for the actual table): Average concentration ± standard deviation for relevant quality control samples (QCs), reference materials, and Milli-Q (MQ) blanks during dissolved trace metal analyses. A set of air blanks was run every seaFAST run. The limit of detection (LOD) for each dissolved element was calculated as 3 times the average SD of the air blanks. The QC surface seawater used was from the North Pacific (NP) EXPORTS cruise in August 2018. Reference materials (SAFe S, GSP) with consensus values were used. Consensus values for SAFe S and GSP are available on the GEOTRACES website (https://www.geotraces.org/standards-and-reference-materials/). *Dissolved Co and Cu concentrations are reported for UV-oxidized samples only. **Consensus values were converted to units of nM (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn) or pM (Co, Cd, and Pb) using average seawater density of 1.025 kg/L.
 

BCO-DMO Processing:
- converted DATE field to YYYY-MM-DD format;
- added the ISO_DateTime_UTC field.

Coverage: Sub-Arctic Pacific, Ocean Station Papa

NSF Award Abstract:
This project focuses on a group of microscopic single-celled photosynthetic organisms in the ocean called diatoms. Diatoms float in the surface ocean as part of a group of organisms collectively called phytoplankton. There are thousands of different species of diatoms distributed across the global ocean. A famous oceanographer Henry Bigelow once said "All fish is diatoms" reflecting the importance of diatoms as the base of the food chain that supports the world's largest fisheries. Despite their small size, diatom photosynthesis produces 20% of the oxygen on earth each year. That's more than all of the tropical rain forests on land. The major objective of the research is to understand how the metabolic differences among diatom species affects the amount of diatom organic carbon that is carried, or exported, from the surface ocean to the deep ocean. As diatoms are photo-synthesizers like green plants, their biological carbon comes from converting carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater from the atmosphere into organic forms. Diatoms also require a series of other nurtrients supplied by the ocean such as nitrogen and phosphorous and, uniquely for diatoms, the silicon used to construct their glass shells. This research will investigate how genetic and physiological differences among diatoms influence how each species react to changes in nutrient levels in the ocean and how those shifts affect the export of diatom carbon to the deep sea. The link between diatoms' physiological response and their carbon export comes about because shifts in physiology affect diatom attributes like how fast they sink and how tasty they are to predators. So if we can relate the physiological condition of different diatoms to the food-web pathways followed by different species, we can ultimately use knowledge of diatom physiological status and food web structure to predict how much diatom carbon gets to the deep sea. The research involves investigators with expertise in the physiology and genomics of diatoms and in the ocean's chemistry. The work will initially take place in the subarctic North Pacific in conjunction with the NASA Export Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) field program. The EXPORTS program is using a wide variety of methods to quantify the export and fate of photo-synthetically fixed carbon in the upper ocean. The research supports the training of undergraduate students, graduate students and a postdoctoral scholar. The research will also serve as the basis for activities aimed at K-12 and junior high school students.

The research will broadly impact our understanding of the biology of the biological pump (the transport of photo-synthetically fixed organic carbon to the deep sea) by forming a mechanistic basis for predicting the export of diatom carbon. It is hypothesized that the type and degree of diatom physiological stress are vital aspects of ecosystem state that drive export. To test this hypothesis, the genetic composition, rates of nutrient use and growth response of diatom communities will be evaluated and supported with measurements of silicon and iron stress to evaluate stress as a predictor of the path of diatom carbon export. The subarctic N. Pacific ecosystem is characterized as high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) due to low iron (Fe) levels that are primary controllers constraining phytoplankton utilization of other nutrients. It has been a paradigm in low Fe, HNLC systems that diatoms grow at elevated Si:C and Si:N ratios and should be efficiently exported as particles significantly enriched in Si relative to C. However, Fe limitation also alters diatoms species composition and the high Si demand imposed by low Fe can drive HNLC regions to Si limitation or Si/Fe co-limitation. Thus, the degree of Si and/or Fe stress in HNLC waters can all alter diatom taxonomic composition, the elemental composition of diatom cells, and the path cells follow through the food web ultimately altering diatom carbon export.

This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

Website: http://oceanexports.org/

EXport Processes in the Ocean from Remote Sensing (EXPORTS) is a large-scale NASA-led field campaign that will provide critical information for quantifying the export and fate of upper ocean net primary production (NPP) using satellite observations and state of the art ocean technologies.

Ocean ecosystems play a critical role in the Earth’s carbon cycle and the quantification of their impacts for both present conditions and for predictions into the future remains one of the greatest challenges in oceanography. The goal of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from Remote Sensing (EXPORTS) Science Plan is to develop a predictive understanding of the export and fate of global ocean net primary production (NPP) and its implications for present and future climates. The achievement of this goal requires a quantification of the mechanisms that control the export of carbon from the euphotic zone as well as its fate in the underlying "twilight zone" where some fraction of exported carbon will be sequestered in the ocean’s interior on time scales of months to millennia. In particular, EXPORTS will advance satellite diagnostic and numerical prognostic models by comparing relationships among the ecological, biogeochemical and physical oceanographic processes that control carbon cycling across a range of ecosystem and carbon cycling states. EXPORTS will achieve this through a combination of ship and robotic field sampling, satellite remote sensing and numerical modeling. Through a coordinated, process-oriented approach, EXPORTS will foster new insights on ocean carbon cycling that maximizes its societal relevance through the achievement of U.S. and International research agency goals and will be a key step towards our understanding of the Earth as an integrated system.