Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
  • BCO-DMO Processing Description
• Data Files
• Supplemental Files
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Project Information
• Funding

This dataset and other data from this study will be published in the results paper "Divergent bleaching and recovery trajectories in reef-building corals following a decade of successive marine heatwaves." (see pre-print Brown, et al. (2023), doi: 10.1101/2023.07.16.549193). 

​All BCO-DMO datasets related to this publication can be found on the page https://www.bco-dmo.org/related-resource/915300.

Location:
patch reef 13 in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i (21.4509, -157.7954).

​This dataset provides benthic cover data.  The following section also describes the closely related dataset "Colony level bleaching severity and mortality" https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/897415 which provides the community composition point counts and images.

Coral colony selection:

All colonies followed in this study were first categorized as bleaching-susceptible (severely bleached) or bleaching-resistant (fully pigmented) based on their bleaching phenotype during the peak of the 2015 heatwave and coral bleaching event (1). For this study, ten pairs of adjacent conspecific colonies of M. capitata and P. compressa with contrasting bleaching susceptibilities (N=10 colonies per species per phenotype) were selected. Adjacent pairs of bleaching-resistant and bleaching-susceptible colonies of the same species were selected in order to minimize the influence of microenvironment on the bleaching response. Individual colonies were monitored for bleaching (color/pigmentation) and partial mortality from 2015–2017 (1) and 2019–2023 (this study), and sampled for physiological assessments from 2019–2023 (Brown et al., 2023 Tables S3 and S4). An additional pair of M. capitata and two pairs of P. compressa were added to the time series in 2022 to supplement our observations after three pairs could no longer be located; all of these colonies had been assessed for bleaching, mortality and recovery from 2015–2017.

Nearly all of the M. capitata colonies used in this study (20 of the 22 colonies) were identified as unique genotypes in an earlier study (2). In general, clonality in M. capitata in Kāne‘ohe Bay is very low (3), with a bay-wide genet-ramen ratio of 0.917. Caruso et al (2022) included two sites at the same reef investigated in this study (Patch Reef 13), identifying a genet-ramen (G:R) ratio of 0.95 (i.e., 21 genotypes in 22 colonies sampled). For P. compressa, the bay-wide genet-ramen ratio is approximately 0.875, but clonality is rare in low wave energy (inner bay) environments (4). Similarly, P. compressa from sheltered South Bay sites have a genet-ramen ratio of 0.96 (5). The likelihood of there being more than three clones in P. compressa is very low (0.92 [average of two papers G:R] * 24 colonies = 22 genotypes), especially considering the physiological variation observed. Overall, these studies indicate infrequent asexual reproduction at the study site for either species. 

Coral bleaching and partial mortality assessments:

Colony-level bleaching severity was determined from photographs of each colony following the methodology of (6), in which colonies were scored as: (1) no signs of paling (0%), (2) mild paling (>20%), (3) moderate paling (20–50%), (4) mostly bleached (50–80%), and (5) fully bleached (80–100%). Cumulative colony-level partial mortality was also determined from these same photographs as described in (1). Observations occurred during peak and off-peak seasonal temperatures in most years. Benthic community composition was determined at the same time as colony-level observations following the same methods as in (1, 6). Specifically, benthic photoquadrats (0.33 m2), were imaged at 2 m intervals along a 40 m transect tape laid parallel to the reef crest at 1 m and 3 m depths (n = 1–2 per depth) at PR13. Benthic community composition was determined from each image via CoralNet using 50 randomly allocated points per photograph (7). Bleaching severity of each coral point was scored as: (1) pigmented (no signs of bleaching), (2) pale (moderately bleached), or (3) severely bleached (white). Reef-wide bleaching prevalence for each species was determined as the proportion of observations of that species showing signs of moderate or severe bleaching (i.e. bleaching score of 2 or 3).

See results publication Brown, et al. (2023) for more detailed information on analysis and results.

* Sheet 1 of file "Benthic cover.csv" was imported into the BCO-DMO data system with values "NA" as missing data values. 
** Missing data values are displayed differently based on the file format you download.  They are blank in csv files, "NaN" in MatLab files, etc.

* Column names adjusted to conform to BCO-DMO naming conventions designed to support broad re-use by a variety of research tools and scripting languages. [Only numbers, letters, and underscores.  Can not start with a number]
* column b_year removed as recommended by the submitter.
* Date converted to ISO 8601 format

NSF Award Abstract:
Coral bleaching has become increasingly common on reefs worldwide as rising sea surface temperatures associated with climate change disrupt the coral-algal symbiosis. This dramatic heat stress response turns the normally colorful corals bright white, and yet during these heat stress events not all corals undergo bleaching. This project focuses on assessing the effects of bleaching by comparing pairs of corals side-byside on the reef during an ongoing heat wave, where one has bleached and the other has not, despite experiencing the same temperatures. These coral pairs have been monitored throughout three bleaching events in the past five years, providing a unique resource to address whether corals with consistently different bleaching susceptibilities have the capacity to acclimate in response to disturbances through epigenetic changes, or changes in gene expression not due to change in DNA bases. To address this, the project will characterize the impacts of bleaching or not bleaching on coral physiology, gene expression, and epigenetic patterns using coral pairs in their natural habitat during a marine heatwave. This project also provides research support for graduate student trainees, as well as data and materials for the research and training of undergraduate and high school students. This project will recruit underrepresented minority students from URI and UPenn area high schools and university undergraduates for work on computer analysis of images (benthic and colony photographs, brightfield and confocal micrographs) and sequencing data. It will also support the training of an undergraduate student at the University of Hawaiʻi in coral ecology and physiology, and the development of her senior thesis.

This project will investigate the effects of repeated heat stress events on the performance of Montipora capitata, a dominant reef builder throughout Hawaiʻi. It utilizes the timely context of paired colonies of M. capitata with bleached vs. unbleached histories that have been monitored through two past bleaching events in Hawaiʻi (2015 and 2019) and the currently ongoing 2020 event. This system allows for the unique opportunity to disentangle the consequences of heat stress versus bleaching on coral performance through time, an essential feature of reef resilience. The contrasting physiological and energetic processes these two phenotypes undergo during a heatwave are likely to result in alterations to the cellular environment within the animal that impacts epigenetic transcriptional regulation. These regulatory and energetic changes, if persistent over time, have the potential to alter coral fitness beyond the duration of the heatwave differentially between corals with contrasting bleaching phenotypes. Specifically, the project will: 1) quantify the effect of the 2020 heatwave on coral physiology during bleaching and recovery, 2) generate a corresponding archive of coral tissues and nucleic acids as a resource for future work characterizing how bleaching phenotype alters energetics and non-genetic inheritance, and 3) characterize how bleaching phenotype alters intra-generational inheritance of epigenetic marks (i.e., DNA methylation) and gene expression, and the duration of these marks and expression patterns following heat stress. This project represents an urgent assessment of an ideal system to test the legacy of coral bleaching phenotype on coral fitness. The results of this project will therefore lay the foundation for intra and cross-generational effects of bleaching vs. heat stress, which is essential for understanding coral resilience to climate change.

This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.