Dataset: Major inorganic ions in Primary Marine Aerosol (PMA) generated near the BATS station, cruises AE2113 and AE2303

Name: Major inorganic ions in Primary Marine Aerosols (PMA) generated from seawater collected near the BATS station during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE2113 (July 2021) and AE2303 (January 2023)
Published: 2024-06-26
Keywords: BATS, Major Ions, aerosols, oceans

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Spatial Extent: N:31.69 E:-64.156 S:31.652 W:-64.202

Bermuda Atlantic TimeSeries Study (BATS) station

Temporal Extent: 2021-07-22 - 2023-01-28

Project:

Collaborative Research: Seasonal Variability in refractory dissolved organic carbon fluxes associated with primary marine aerosol emitted from the oceans (Carbon Flux and Aerosol Emissions)

Program:

United States Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (U.S. SOLAS)

Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB)

Principal Investigator:

David J. Kieber (State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, SUNY ESF)

Scientist:

Lei Xue (State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, SUNY ESF)

Data Manager:

Audrey Mickle (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI BCO-DMO)

Version:

Version Date:

2024-06-26

Restricted:

Current State:

Preliminary and in progress

Major inorganic ions in Primary Marine Aerosols (PMA) generated from seawater collected near the BATS station during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE2113 (July 2021) and AE2303 (January 2023)

Abstract:

This dataset includes the concentrations of seven major inorganic ions determined in primary marine aerosol (PMA) samples collected from the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) station during a summer cruise in 2021 and a winter cruise in 2023 aboard the R/V Atlantic Explorer. The major ions in PMA samples were collected using a high-capacity aerosol generator and the major ions were quantified using a Dionex dual channel model ICS 6000 high-performance ion chromatograph (ICS-6000 DP). This dataset was generated and prepared by Dr. Lei Xue under the supervision of Dr. David Kieber at the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry. These data were used to determine the enrichment of major ions in PMA samples and to calculate the enrichment factors of protein/peptides and carbohydrates in PMA samples relative to bulk seawater and the associated seasonal variability. This work is part of a larger study to understand the seasonal variability in the fraction of refractory organic carbon in primary marine aerosol at the BATS station.

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Methods & Sampling

Bulk primary marine aerosol (PMA) samples for major inorganic ion analysis were produced from Sargasso seawater using a high-capacity marine aerosol generator (see Frossard et al. 2019 for detailed design of the PMA generator). In addition to bulk PMA samples, which contained particles of all sizes produced by the generator, a Micro-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) sampler was used once during each cruise to collect a dichotomous PMA sample with two particle size fractions; a submicron fraction with particles sizes ranging from <0.18 to 1 µm and a supermicron fraction with particles ranging from 1 to >10 µm in diameter. All PMA were produced by pumping near-surface seawater (ca. 5 m) continuously through the generator at a flow rate of 4 liters per minute and bubbling this seawater with air. The air was introduced through a venturi tube to generate a bubble spectrum approximating that generated from a breaking wave. Bulk PMA samples for major ions were collected on pre-combusted 47-mm diameter quartz fiber filters at the aerosol generator air sampling rate of 30 liters per minute and a sampling time of approximately 24 hours; a quarter of each PMA sample filter was stored in a Simport cryovial in a freezer for further analysis. Dichotomous samples were collected for 48 hours at a flow rate of 30 liters per minute; submicron particles were collected on a pre-combusted 37 mm diameter quartz filter, and supermicron particles were collected on a pre-combusted 47 mm diameter quartz filter.

A separate BCO-DMO dataset is available for the seawater samples that were collected on the two cruises for major ions. These samples (ca. 7 mL of unfiltered seawater) were collected into high-density polyethylene (HDPE) vials and stored frozen until analysis. (See "Related Dataset" section below for details).

To process the samples, 5 mL of high purity laboratory water (Milli-Q brand water) was added to each Simport vial containing a PMA sample filter followed by *?alternating steps of vortexing (5 min) and sonicating (5 min) three times. Each processed sample was filtered into another clean cryovial using a 0.22 µm acetate glucose syringe filter and a plastic syringe.?* Aliquots of the filtered samples were diluted in Milli-Q water for ion chromatographic analysis.

Seven major ionic species were analyzed using the method outlined in Keene et al. (2007). A Dionex dual channel model ICS 6000 high-performance ion chromatograph (ICS-6000 DP) was used to perform sample analysis. The anion channel was configured with Thermo Scientific Dionex guard (IonPac AG 18: 4 x 50 mm). The cation channel was configured **?with?** Dionex Guard (IonPac CG12 A: 4 x 50mm) and analytical (IonPacCG12A: 4 x 250mm) columns and a Thermo Scientific Dionex electrolytically regenerated suppressor (ADRS 600: 4mm). **The ion chromatograph was equipped with a Dionex AS-AP autosampler with the temperature set at 20°C, eluent generator cartridges (500 MSA, 500 KOH), ICS-6000 pumps, and Chromeleon 7 software.?**

Data Processing Description

Measurements from the ion chromatograph were compiled in Microsoft Excel along with the Marine Aerosol Generator collection metadata.

BCO-DMO Processing

- Imported data from source file "Major Ions in PMA for AE2113 and 2303 cruises 6.18.24.xlsx" into the BCO-DMO data system.
- Converted datetime columns to ISO8601 date format – from m/d/yyyy, H:M:S to %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M%SZ
- Converted longitude values to decimal degrees (where south and west directions are negative)
- Removed local time field
- Renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions

More Information about this dataset

Funding Sources

Funding Source	Award Number
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences	OCE-2023104

Deployments

Deployment	Synonyms	Start Date	Platform	Investigator
AE2113		2021-07-22	R/V Atlantic Explorer	Steven R. Beaupré (Chief Scientist)	data info
AE2303		2023-01-18	R/V Atlantic Explorer	Steven R. Beaupré (Chief Scientist)	data info

Instruments

Aerosol Sampler

Supplied Name: Microorifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) sampler

Supplied Description:

A Microorifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) sampler was used once during each cruise to collect a dichotomous PMA sample with two particle size fractions; a submicron fraction with particles sizes ranging from <0.18 to 1 µm and a supermicron fraction with particles ranging from 1 to >10 µm in diameter.

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Aerosol Sampler

Acronym: Aerosol_Sampler

Community Identifier: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/13/

Generic Description:

A device that collects a sample of aerosol (dry particles or liquid droplets) from the atmosphere.

Ion Chromatograph

Supplied Name: Dionex dual channel model ICS 6000 high-performance ion chromatograph (ICS-6000 DP)

Supplied Description:

The major ions in each seawater sample were quantified using a Dionex dual channel model ICS 6000 high-performance ion chromatograph (ICS-6000 DP). The anion channel was configured with Thermo Scientific Dionex guard (IonPac AG 18: 4 x 50 mm). The cation channel was configured Dionex Guard (IonPac CG12 A: 4 x 50mm) and analytical (IonPacCG12A: 4 x 250mm) columns and a Thermo Scientific Dionex electrolytically regenerated suppressor (ADRS 600: 4mm). The ion chromatograph was equipped with a Dionex AS-AP autosampler with temperature set at 20 oC. Eluent generator cartridges: 500 MSA, 500 KOH. ICS-6000 pumps. Software: Chromeleon 7.

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Ion Chromatograph

Generic Description:

Ion chromatography is a form of liquid chromatography that measures concentrations of ionic species by separating them based on their interaction with a resin. Ionic species separate differently depending on species type and size. Ion chromatographs are able to measure concentrations of major anions, such as fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate, as well as major cations such as lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the parts-per-billion (ppb) range. (from http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/biogeochemical/ic.html)

Laboratory Autosampler

Supplied Name: Dionex AS-AP autosampler

Supplied Description:

The ion chromatograph was equipped with a Dionex AS-AP autosampler with temperature set at 20 °C.

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Laboratory Autosampler

Generic Description:

Laboratory apparatus that automatically introduces one or more samples with a predetermined volume or mass into an analytical instrument.

Marine Aerosol Generator

Supplied Name: High-capacity marine aerosol generator

Supplied Description:

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Marine Aerosol Generator

Generic Description:

A high-capacity marine aerosol generator deployed at sea, using near-surface seawater and purified air to create a lab-based approximation of ocean-atmosphere aerosol systems.

Example device described here:
Frossard, A. A., Long, M. S., Keene, W. C., Duplessis, P., Kinsey, J. D., Maben, J. R., Kieber, D. J., Chang, R. Y. ‐W., Beaupré, S. R., Cohen, R. C., Lu, X., Bisgrove, J., & Zhu, Y. (2019). Marine Aerosol Production via Detrainment of Bubble Plumes Generated in Natural Seawater With a Forced‐Air Venturi. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(20), 10931–10950. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030299

Shaker

Supplied Name: VWR mini vortexer (model VM-3000)

Supplied Description:

To process the samples, 5 mL of high purity laboratory water (Milli-Q brand water) was added to each Simport vial containing a PMA sample filter followed by alternating steps of vortexing (5 min) and sonicating (5 min) three times.

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Shaker

Generic Description:

A Shaker is a piece of lab equipment used to mix, blend, or to agitate substances in tube(s) or flask(s) by shaking them, which is mainly used in the fields of chemistry and biology. A shaker contains an oscillating board which is used to place the flasks, beakers, test tubes, etc.

ultrasonic cell disrupter (sonicator)

Supplied Name: Branson 1200 (model B1200R-1)

Supplied Description:

Instrument Type

Generic Name: ultrasonic cell disrupter (sonicator)

Generic Description:

Instrument that applies sound energy to agitate particles in a sample.

Parameters

Date and time formats are described in python strftime() syntax.

Supplied Name	Supplied description	Supplied Units	Standard Name
Cruise_ID	Cruise ID	unitless	cruise_id
Sample_Type	Blank, bulk or dichotomous (supermicron or submicron) primary aerosol sample	unitless	sample_type
Sample_ID	Sample identification	unitless	sample
Latitude	Latitude of sample collection in decimal degrees	decimal degrees	lat
Longitude	Longitude of sample collection in decimal degrees	decimal degrees	lon
Chloride_Ion	Chloride, Cl-, concentration in seawater	nmol/m3 air sampled	chloride
Bromide_Ion	Bromide, Br-, concentration in seawater	nmol/m3 air sampled	bromides
Sulfate_Ion	Sulfate, SO42-, concentration in seawater	nmol/m3 air sampled	SO4
Sodium_Ion	Sodium, Na+, concentration in seawater	nmol/m3 air sampled	Sodium_cation
Potassium_Ion	Potassium, K+, concentration in seawater	nmol/m3 air sampled	K
Magnesium_Ion	Magnesium, Mg2+, concentration in seawater	nmol/m3 air sampled	Mg
Calcium_Ion	Calcium, Ca2+, concentration in seawater	nmol/m3 air sampled	Calcium_2_cation
ISO_DateTime_Local_Start	Start date and time for the sampling of each aerosol sample in local time Format: %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z	unitless	ISO_DateTime_Local
ISO_DateTime_Local_Stop	Stop date and time for the sampling of each aerosol sample in local time Format: %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z	unitless	ISO_DateTime_Local
ISO_DateTime_UTC_Start	Start date and time for the sampling of each aerosol sample in UTC Format: %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ	unitless	ISO_DateTime_UTC
ISO_DateTime_UTC_Stop	Stop date and time for the sampling of each aerosol sample in UTC Format: %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ	unitless	ISO_DateTime_UTC

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Database

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Dataset: Major inorganic ions in Primary Marine Aerosol (PMA) generated near the BATS station, cruises AE2113 and AE2303