Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
  • Problem Description
• Supplemental Files
• Related Publications
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Program Information
• Funding

Calculated Beam Attenuation coefficient from despiked 10-second averaged data sets. The resulting data are further averaged over 5-meter intervals.

The data from Transmissometer 1874 was recalculated using

# dt=temp-t391 ; calculated difference between water temperature and instrument temperature

# cst1874c=(cst1874-0.0024)/cst1874r ; cst1874r is a temperature response function derived from WETLabs thermal cycling tests. ; 0.0024 is the blocked beam voltage on the CTD

# cst1874cc=cst1874c+dt/1300 ; corrects for hysteresis in the thermoclone

# cst1874tr=cst1874cc/(cst1874_NETVrefUSE) ; transmission ratio ; cst1874_NETVrefUSE is the zero corrected reading the transmissometer would have in particle free seawater.

# cp1874=-4*ln(cst1874tr) ; calculation of beam attenuation coefficient

the data from Fluorometer Voltages was offset and multiplied to agree with Seapoint Fluorometer data on the GTC CTD. Relative units.

The following GEOTRACES parameter names have been registered in DOoR:

CTDBEAMCP_T_VALUE_SENSOR::kpdsqt

The U.S. GEOTRACES GP17-OCE expedition departed Papeete, Tahiti (French Polynesia) on December 1st, 2022 and arrived in Punta Arenas, Chile on January 25th, 2023. The cruise took place in the South Pacific and Southern Oceans aboard the R/V Roger Revelle (cruise ID RR2214) with a team of 34 scientists lead by Ben Twining (Chief Scientist), Jessica Fitzsimmons and Greg Cutter (Co-Chief Scientists). GP17 was planned as a two-leg expedition, with its first leg (GP17-OCE) as a southward extension of the 2018 GP15 Alaska-Tahiti expedition and a second leg (GP17-ANT; December 2023-January 2024) into coastal and shelf waters of Antarctica's Amundsen Sea.

The South Pacific and Southern Oceans sampled by GP17-OCE play critical roles in global water mass circulation and associated global transfer of heat, carbon, and nutrients. Specific oceanographic regions of interest for GP17-OCE included: the most oligotrophic gyre in the global ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) frontal region, the previously unexplored Pacific- Antarctic Ridge, the Pacific Deep Water (PDW) flow along the continental slope of South America, and the continental margin inputs potentially emanating from South America.

Further information is available on the US GEOTRACES website and in the cruise report (PDF).

NSF Project Title: Collaborative Research: Management and Implementation of US GEOTRACES GP17 Section: South Pacific and Southern Ocean (GP17-OCE)

NSF Award Abstract:
This award will support the management and implementation of a research expedition from Tahiti to Chile that will enable sampling for a broad suite of trace elements and isotopes (TEI) across oceanographic regions of importance to global nutrient and carbon cycling as part of the U.S. GEOTRACES program. GEOTRACES is a global effort in the field of Chemical Oceanography, the goal of which is to understand the distributions of trace elements and their isotopes in the ocean. Determining the distributions of these elements and isotopes will increase understanding of processes that shape their distributions, such as ocean currents and material fluxes, and also the processes that depend on these elements, such as the growth of phytoplankton and the support of ocean ecosystems. The proposed cruise will cross the South Pacific Gyre, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, iron-limited Antarctic waters, and the Chilean margin. In combination with a proposed companion GEOTRACES expedition on a research icebreaker (GP17-ANT) that will be joined by two overlapping stations, the team of investigators will create an ocean section from the ocean's most nutrient-poor waters to its highly-productive Antarctic polar region - a region that plays an outsized role in modulating the global carbon cycle. The expedition will support and provide management infrastructure for additional participating science projects focused on measuring specific external fluxes and internal cycling of TEIs along this section.

The South Pacific Gyre and Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean play critical roles in global water mass circulation and associated global transfer of heat, carbon, and nutrients, but they are chronically understudied for TEIs due to their remote locale. These are regions of strong, dynamic fronts where sub-surface water masses upwell and subduct, and biological and chemical processes in these zones determine nutrient stoichiometries and tracer concentrations in waters exported to lower latitudes. The Pacific sector represents an end member of extremely low external TEI surface fluxes and thus an important region to constrain inputs from the rapidly-changing Antarctic continent. Compared to other ocean basins, TEI cycling in these regions is thought to be dominated by internal cycling processes such as biological uptake, regeneration, and scavenging, and these are poorly represented in global ocean models. The cruise will enable funded investigators to address research questions such as: 1) what are relative rates of external TEI fluxes to this region, including dust, sediment, hydrothermal, and cryospheric fluxes? 2) What are the (micro) nutrient regimes that support productivity, and what impacts do biomass accumulation, export, and regeneration have on TEI cycling and stoichiometries of exported material? 3) What are TEI and nutrient stoichiometries of subducting water masses, and how do scavenging and regeneration impact these during transport northward? This management project has several objectives: 1) plan and coordinate a 55-day research cruise in 2021-2022; 2) use both conventional and trace-metal 'clean' sampling systems to obtain TEI samples, as well as facilitate sampling for atmospheric aerosols and large volume particles and radionuclides; 3) acquire hydrographic data and samples for salinity, dissolved oxygen, algal pigments, and macro-nutrients; and deliver these data to relevant repositories; 4) ensure that proper QA/QC protocols, as well as GEOTRACES intercalibration protocols, are followed and reported; 5) prepare the final cruise report to be posted with data; 6) coordinate between all funded cruise investigators, as well as with leaders of proposed GP17-ANT cruise; and 7) conduct broader impact efforts that will engage the public in oceanographic research using immersive technology. The motivations for and at-sea challenges of this work will be communicated to the general public through creation of immersive 360/Virtual Reality experiences, via a collaboration with the Texas A&M University Visualization LIVE Lab. Through Virtual Reality, users will experience firsthand what life and TEI data collection at sea entail. Virtual reality/digital games and 360° experiences will be distributed through GEOTRACES outreach websites, through PI engagement with local schools, libraries, STEM summer camps, and adult service organizations, and through a collaboration with the National Academy of Sciences.

NSF Award Abstract
The very fast and dynamic ocean biological carbon pump (OBCP) plays a fundamental role in the global carbon cycle and in setting concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Photosynthetic organisms that that fuel the OCBP live and die on a week to week basis, and the resulting sinking (or export) of organic and inorganic carbon particles from the surface layer and consumption losses of these particles in deeper waters are similarly variable. Simply stated, the OCBP is poorly understood due to dependence on short- term, and seasonally and spatially limited ship observations; thus model estimates of its strength and future trajectory are highly uncertain. To address this gap, the investigators will engineer and sea-test two robotic Lagrangian Ocean Carbon Observer (OCO) floats capable of 8 month to multi-year missions, yet able to resolve flux processes on hourly to daily time scales and relay data in real time via satellite telemetry while operating anywhere in the ocean. The development of the OCO enables the identification of specific pathways and controls on the vertical transfer of particulate organic and inorganic carbon (POC and PIC) from the surface ocean to subsurface waters. The project logically follows on from the investigator’s development and successful deployment of robotic Lagrangian Carbon Explorer (CE) and Carbon Flux Explorer (CFE) floats, which measure optically POC and PIC concentration and flux variability to depths of 1000 m. A unique capability of the CFE is that it is able to measure the sinking flux of carbon carried by different sizes and classes of particles. The project will merge CFE and CE capabilities to create the OCO. The team will contribute to the development of a STEM workforce by engaging UC Berkeley undergraduates and one graduate student in all phases (development, laboratory, seagoing, and interpretive) of the project and in the class room.

Specifically, CFEs and two new Ocean Carbon Observers (OCOs) that simultaneously measure both particle flux and concentration profiles will be constructed and test-deployed at sea in January 2023. During the times that these autonomous instruments drift at target depths within the upper kilometer (interrupted by transit to the surface for location and real time bidirectional telemetry), they will autonomously quantify the inherent optical properties and size distributions of sinking material captured. Bishop et al. (2016; Biogeosciences 13, 3019-3129, doi:10.5194/bg-13-3109) describe CFE capabilities and methodology for rendering raw OSR imagery to rigorously defined inherent optical measures of particle loading -- attenuance and cross-polarized photon yield. Bourne et al. (2019; Biogeosciences, 16, 1249-1264; doi:10.5194/bg-16-1249-2019) show that attenuance is strongly correlated (r^2 > 0.86) with POC and PN sampled at 150 m by sampler-equipped CFEs “(CFE-Cal floats)” over a broad range of particle flux and particle size distributions. Planned further deployment of the CFE-Cal floats to sample sinking material to depths of at least 500 m will enable validation of our calibration of the attenuance proxy and to enable a first calibration of the PIC optical flux proxy. Bourne et al. (2021; Biogeosciences, 18, 3053–3086, doi:10.5194/bg-18-3053-2021) demonstrate the unique capability of CFEs to resolve and quantify the vertical flux carried by different particle size classes in the mesopelagic; furthermore, they describe prototype algorithms that will lead to flux size-distribution analysis in real time on the CFEs. The project will enable fully autonomous long-term deployments of CFE and OCO systems in the global ocean. The involvement a commercial float vendor (MRV Systems) and sensor manufacturer (Seabird Scientific) may lead to a commercialization pathway for the OCO.

GEOTRACES is a SCOR sponsored program; and funding for program infrastructure development is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation.

GEOTRACES gained momentum following a special symposium, S02: Biogeochemical cycling of trace elements and isotopes in the ocean and applications to constrain contemporary marine processes (GEOSECS II), at a 2003 Goldschmidt meeting convened in Japan. The GEOSECS II acronym referred to the Geochemical Ocean Section Studies To determine full water column distributions of selected trace elements and isotopes, including their concentration, chemical speciation, and physical form, along a sufficient number of sections in each ocean basin to establish the principal relationships between these distributions and with more traditional hydrographic parameters;

* To evaluate the sources, sinks, and internal cycling of these species and thereby characterize more completely the physical, chemical and biological processes regulating their distributions, and the sensitivity of these processes to global change; and

* To understand the processes that control the concentrations of geochemical species used for proxies of the past environment, both in the water column and in the substrates that reflect the water column.

GEOTRACES will be global in scope, consisting of ocean sections complemented by regional process studies. Sections and process studies will combine fieldwork, laboratory experiments and modelling. Beyond realizing the scientific objectives identified above, a natural outcome of this work will be to build a community of marine scientists who understand the processes regulating trace element cycles sufficiently well to exploit this knowledge reliably in future interdisciplinary studies.

Expand "Projects" below for information about and data resulting from individual US GEOTRACES research projects.