Dataset: Menhaden Otolith Chemistry
Deployment: Menhaden_Nurseries_Collection

Sample Collection:
Collected By: Multiple State Agencies - Connecticut Department of Marine Fisheries, Rhode Island Marine Fisheries, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, New Jersey Department of Fish and Wildlife, Maryland Department of Natural Resources Fisheries Service, Chris Newsome, National Marine Fisheries Service, North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, and Florida Fish and Wildlife.

Location:
Samples were collected by multiple boats and from multiple sites in the Thames and Essex Rivers in Connecticut; Hudson River in New York; Delaware Bay in Delaware; Potomac, Patuxent, Choptank, and Nanticoke Rivers in Maryland; James River in Virginia; Albemarle Sound in North Carolina; and Charleston Harbor in South Carolina.

Georeferences:
Species: Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus
Date of Collection: 2009-2011; All samples were collected by United States state natural resource agencies from July to October.

Methods:
Samples Processed by: Kristen Anstead, Graduate Student, Old Dominion University
Method 1: Catch & Storage
Samples were mailed to the CQFE and stored in a Baxter Cryo-Fridge at approximately -20°C until thawed and measured in the wet lab.

Method 2: Measurement and Otolith Removal
Menhaden were thawed and weighed on a model EA15DCE-1 Sartorius scale in pounds to the nearest thousandth. Fish were measured for total length, fork length, and standard length in the wet lab to the nearest mm on a CThru YMS-1 measuring board. Using a serrated knife, the head was cut open to expose the sagittal otoliths for removal with metal forceps. Otoliths were rinsed in tap water and placed in a storage vial. Once the otoliths were removed, fish were discarded.

Method 3: Sample Preparation
In a class-100 clean room using acid-washed glass probes, excess tissue was cleaned from the otolith surface by rinsing with ultrapure hydrogen peroxide for 1 minute followed by triple rinsing with ultrapure Milli-Q water. Cleaned samples dried for 24 hours under a laminar flow hood and stored in acid-washed polyethylene vials.

Method 4: Trace Element Analysis
Otoliths were analyzed using a Thermo Finnegan Element 2 (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) with a New Wave 193 nm excimer laser ablation system (New Wave Research, Sunnyvale, CA) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute’s plasma facility. Otolith material was ablated using a laser beam with a 25 μm spot size, 10 μm/s scan speed, 70% power, and a 10 Hz frequency. We ablated and analyzed a transect from the core to the edge of the otolith that resulted in a trench that was approximately 25 μm wide and 30 μm deep in order to capture the juvenile signature. For each transect, we collected counts for 7Li, 25Mg, 55Mn, 85Rb, 88Sr, 89Y, 137Ba, and 208 Pb in low-resolution mode (R=300). Elemental concentration was calibrated using two reference materials and multi-element standards prepared from ultrapure stock solutions. All elements were normalized to Ca and expressed as element-to-calcium molar ratios. Standards were run twice a slide, at the beginning and the end, to account for machine drift.

Method 5: Stable Isotope Analysis
Samples were analyzed for carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) concentrations with a Finnigan Delta Plus with Kiel III Carbonate Device (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) using standard procedures at the University of Washington Stable Isotope Laboratory. Both oxygen and carbon were measured and corrected relative to Vienna Pee Dee belemnite.

Method 6: Region Assignment
Because samples were collected from multiple rivers during different times of the season and in different quantities, the multiple collection sites were grouped into four regions: the Northeast (1), Delaware Bay (2), Chesapeake Bay (3), and the Southeast (4). These regional groups are similar to other studies of this scope based on physical differences in water chemistries of these regions.

Analytical Methodology:
Samples selected for trace element composition were mounted sulcal side up on a glass slide using crystal bond and polished with 30 µm lapping film to expose growth rings followed by 0.3 µm lapping film to produce a smooth surface for laser ablation. Age verification was also made at this point and fish less than 1-year-old were considered to be juveniles. We mounted otoliths in blocks of 20 on a petrographic slide in a randomized order for each year-class. Each petrographic slide was sonicated in Milli-Q (18 MΩ•cm-1) water for 10 minutes to remove contaminants from the surface and allowed to dry under a laminar flow hood. Otoliths were analyzed using a Thermo Finnegan Element 2 (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) with a New Wave 193 nm excimer laser ablation system (New Wave Research, Sunnyvale, CA) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute’s plasma facility. Otolith material was ablated using a laser beam with a 25 μm spot size, 10 μm s-1 scan speed, 70% power, and a 10 Hz frequency. We ablated and analyzed a transect from the core to the edge of the otolith that resulted in a trench that was approximately 25 μm wide and 30 μm deep in order to capture the juvenile signature. For each transect we collected counts for 7Li, 25Mg, 55Mn, 85Rb, 88Sr, 89Y, 137Ba and 208Pb in low-resolution mode (R=300) (Schaffler and Winkelman 2008). Elemental concentration was calibrated using two reference materials and multi-element standards prepared from ultrapure stock solutions (Yoshinaga et al. 1999; Sturgeon et al. 2005). All elements were normalized to Ca and expressed as element-to-calcium molar ratios (Schaffler and Winkelman 2008). Standards were run twice a slide, at the beginning and the end, to account for machine drift. Blanks were analyzed after every 5 samples and limits of detection (LODs) were calculated as mean blank values plus three standard deviations (Thorrold et al. 1997b) and expressed as a percent of the average sample intensity.

Trace element and stable isotope data were combined to identify natal signatures. Data were normalized using Box Cox transformations (Box and Cox 1964). We assessed normality based on Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and equality of variance using O’Brien’s test. Assumptions of multivariate normality were evaluated using tests based on Mardia’s multivariate skewness and kurtosis measures (Khattree and Naik 2000) and graphically using Q-Q plots of squared Mahalanobis distances. We performed a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to detect differences in the multivariate elemental natal signatures in each of the nursery regions and for all cohorts. Pillai’s trace statistic quantified significant differences in otolith chemistries between nursery areas and years. Following these analyses, we used univariate analyses of variance (ANOVA) to determine which elements exhibited differences. When nursery grounds were shown to exhibit statistically significant differences, we used a quadratic discriminant function analysis because of the unequal variance-covariance matrices as indicated by Bartlett’s test to assign juvenile menhaden to their nursery area. We tested this classification using a jackknife leave-one-out cross-validation approach within years and between years to assess the annual signatures and combined signatures ability to predict other year classes. Additionally, we tested the classification success based solely on either trace element or stable isotope data. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was used to visualize difference among locations.

Data Set:
Data Prepared by: Kristen Anstead, Graduate Student, Old Dominion University
Location of Notes: Lab Notebook, CQFE
Notes: FISH-ID: Samples of sagittal otoliths were named for the group the samples came from followed by a dash and then the individual fish in the sample were numbered sequentially. For example, all fish received from the same catch, from the same boat, on the same date got a group number (ie. 80) and each fish was numbered after that with a -1, -2, -3, -etc. so that all fish in that group would be 80-1, 80-2, 80-3, and so on. The next group of sample fish received by the lab would then be numbered 81.