Prior to examining Clathromorphum bioerosion at each focal study site, we characterized sea urchin community structure at each site by quantifying the density, size frequency distribution, and biomass of the sea urchin community (primarily Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus), using the same methods that have been employed by us and others over the past 30 years (Estes et al. 2010). We characterized two types of sites: (1) those that have long persisted as urchin barrens (“habitat.type” = “Barren”) and (2) urchin barrens that are situated immediately adjacent to shallow, remnant kelp stands, and thereby receive urchin food subsidies (“habitat.type” = “Barren + kelp subsidy”). At these latter sites, we also surveyed the adjacent kelp stand (“habitat.type” = “Shallow kelp”).

At each site, a diver placed a 0.25-m^2 quadrat on the reef at the target depth and counted all urchins within the quadrat, then collected the urchins in a bag. The diver then took a random number of kicks along the same depth contour and repeated this process until 20 quadrats were sampled or 200 urchins collected, whichever occurred first. If 200 urchins were collected quickly, additional density counts were made to yield a better density estimate (n = 4 minimum). Shipside, we measured the size (test diameter; mm) of each collected urchin with calipers. We then calculated its biomass using a known size-weight relationship (Estes et al. 2010). To estimate total urchin biomass for a site (grams per 0.25-m^2), we summed the biomass of all urchins collected at the site and divided that sum by the number of quadrats deployed.